晚清奉天省土地改革與日本關東州土地調查：統治理性與調查學知之比較

Land Reform in Fengtian Province during the Late Qing Period and Land Survey of Kwantung Leased Territory under Japanese Rule:A Comparison of Governmentality and Investigative Knowledge

在俄羅斯與日本等帝國主義勢力的衝擊下，清廷放棄對東北奉天省等地原有的封禁政策，在晚清新政的大背景下推動了東三省的行政改制，並展開土地行政與財政的近代化改革；與此同時，日本帝國在日俄戰爭勝利後承繼俄羅斯在東北的利權，亦在遼東半島的關東州租借地開展土地調查事業，藉以推動土地行政與財政近代化改革。本文運用統治理性與調查學知的分析觀點，比較分析晚清奉天省的土地改革與日本在關東州土地調查的過程與性質，發現兩個事業的目標雖然類似，但在行政組織與調查技術所體現的統治理性與調查學知則有明顯的差異。奉天省雖然在晚清新政的近代化目標下展開土地新政，但體現的主要仍是清代家產官僚體制的傳統統治理性，其土地清丈與財稅改革的調查技術仍然是傳統學知的延續，因此難以達成土地行政與財政近代化的目標；與此相對，日本帝國在關東州的土地調查事業，乃是倚賴近代官僚體制的近代統治理性，並運用近代學知進行土地與財稅的測量與調查，因此乃能相當程度達成土地行政與財政的近代化目標。

"Under the impact of imperialist forces such as Russia and Japan in Fengtian Province among other places in Manchuria during the late Qing, the Qing government abandoned its original quarantine policy and promoted the administrative reform of the three northeastern provinces in the New Policy Reforms, and launched the modernization of land and financial administration. At the same time, after its victory in the Russo-Japanese War, the Japanese Empire inherited Russia’s rights in Manchuria and carried out land surveys in the Kwantung Leased Territory on the Liaodong Peninsula to promote the modernization of land and financial administration. Using the analytical framework of governmentality and investigative knowledge, this article compares and analyzes the process and nature of land reform in Fengtian Province and in the Kwantung Leased Territory. There are obvious differences between the governmentality and academic knowledge embodied in their respective administrative organizations and investigative techniques. Although Fengtian Province’s land reform was launched with the goal of modernization, it still mainly reflects the traditional governmentality of the Qing dynasty’s patrimonial bureaucracy. Its investigation techniques used in land clearing and fiscal and tax reform were still based on the continuation of traditional knowledge. Therefore, it was difficult to achieve its goals. In contrast, Japan’s land survey of the Kwantung Leased Territory relied on the modern governmentality of modern bureaucracy and used modern knowledge to measure land and investigate finances. Therefore, it was able to meet its goals to a considerable extent."