農漁業技術移轉制度的「轉譯」難題： 以養蚵人工附苗技術為例

Challenges in ''Translation'' for Technology Transfer: Artificial Oyster Propagation in Taiwan

本文以養蚵的人工附苗技術為例，藉由探討技術移轉過程中行動者的認知差異和互動過程，分析新技術以正式授權方式進入農漁業現場的可能限制。近年來，政府大力推動技術移轉等制度，來促進農漁業技術創新。而為了因應天然蚵苗日趨不穩定的問題，農委會水產試驗所推出人工附苗技術取代天然苗，並順利將其技轉。然而，一般蚵農多興趣缺缺；而新進廠商習得技術後，最終在授權期限到期後亦放棄規模量產。本研究透過比較不同行動者的認知和互動，指出被移轉的人工附苗技術，因脫離蚵農身處的地方與市場脈絡，較難形成與在地環境和市場相互連結的社群，促進使用或共同創新。而對新進廠商來說，授權契約雖「構框」了專家與接受技轉者的互動，但卻難以處理「溢出」於構框的實際生產網絡關係，使得新技術（物）難以生根於農漁業現場。本研究從經濟社會學和科技與社會的角度，反思技轉制度和知識創新的限制，提醒國家在推廣農漁業發展和相關發展時，應避免預設實驗室技術可輕易轉換為市場效益，而忽略了各方行動者所處的環境、制度、市場，及風險評估等認知，對技術研發和實際利用的限制；並正視農漁業的產業特性和契約化互動所造成的影響與限制。

"For approximately two decades the Taiwanese government has allowed private companies to use patent rights and exclusive licenses for ideas developed via government-funded research, including agricultural and aquacultural technologies. Few efforts have been made to investigate how shareholders perceive these contractual relationships. This study examines an unsuccessful case involving oyster farming, in which an artificial propagation technique was created and transferred but unsuccessfully marketed. While Taiwanese oyster farmers still prefer naturally collected spat, the company receiving the patent experienced significant difficulty in selling its product. This study uses actor-network theory with framing and overflow concepts to show how actor cognition and knowledge are shaped by local context, resulting in situations where technology transfer contracts may fail to deal with the overflows. Our results indicate that the government must consider social relationships, environments, market conditions and other non-technical factors when promoting technology transfers."