中文法學中的“權利”概念──起源、傳播和外延

現代中文法學的權利概念有其特有的學格特徵，不是任何外文法學對應名詞的簡單翻譯。“權利”的出現適應了19世紀中葉中國社會應對中外關係大變局的現實需要，其本身也是中西、中日法文化交流的產物。權利概念可區分為外延複合型和外延單純型兩種。外延複合型權利如果得到透徹研究，人們會發現它其實就是指稱權利權力統一體的法權。外延單純型權利起源於我國本土，與中國現行法律制度高度吻合，應確認為中文法學權利概念之正朔。為了系統、嚴格地區分權利和權力，宜以實質分類標準取代形式分類標準。中國法學基礎性研究的重點首要應該是權利、權力和義務本身，其次才是它們之間的關係。

The concept of rights in modern Chinese jurisprudence has its own unique characteristics, and it is not a simple translation of the corresponding word in any foreign grammatical jurisprudence. The emergence of “rights” adapted to the actual needs of Chinese society in the mid-nineteenth century to cope with the great changes in Sino-foreign relations, and it itself was also a product of cultural exchanges between China, the West, China, Japan and France. The concept of rights can be divided into two types: extended compound type and extended simple type. If the extended compound right is thoroughly studied, people will find that it is actually faquan that refers to the unity of rights and powers. The extended simple right originated in China, and it is highly consistent with China's current legal system. It should be recognized as the classic concept of Chinese legal rights. In order to distinguish rights and powers systematically and strictly, substantive classification standards should replace formal classification standards. The focus of basic research in Chinese law should first be rights, powers and obligations themselves, and secondly the relationship between them.