企業資料權益原論:從財產到控制

企業資料權益在法律上如何定位和保護是當前互聯網法學面臨的理論難題。既有的理論主張主要從資訊私權和財產權角度試圖將資料納入實體權利的框架中，參照傳統私權規則來對企業資料進行調整。資訊私權中的“資料庫保護”和“商業秘密保護”規則與企業資料保護具有形式上的相似性，但在實質利益形態和涵蓋範圍上有根本差別，由此導致“資訊內容保護”導向的失敗。企業資料保護問題源於互聯網的普及，只在數位技術語境中才有意義，故必須在區分資訊問題和資料問題類型的背景下進行考察，由此企業資料權益應在整體上作為一個純粹的資料問題予以討論，企業資料財產理論因其客體無法確定很難成立。企業資料在利益形態上表現為對現實資料的有限自我控制，這種事實控制所含法律利益本質上體現為資訊自由。基於此，企業資料的保護應當以維護資料的控制為基礎，可通過侵權法、合同法和競爭法對圍繞資料控制的爭奪可能涉及的各種實際利益進行保護。

How to allocate and protect the enterprise data rights and interests in law is a theoretical problem in the current Internet law. The existing theory protects them according to the traditional private law rules, mainly by incorporating them into the legal framework of statutory rights from the perspective of information private rights and property rights. The“database protection”and“trade secret protection”rules in information private rights are similar in form to enterprise data protection, but they are fundamentally different in substantive interest and coverage, which leads to the failure of“information content protection”orientation. The problem of enterprise data protection arises from the popularization of the Internet and is only meaningful in the context of digital technology. Therefore, it must be considered against the background of distinguishing information problems and data problems, and enterprise data rights and interests should be conceptualized as a pure data problem as a whole, enterprise data property theory is difficult to be constructed for the uncertainty or non-existence of its object. In terms of interest form, enterprise data is the limited self-control of data. The legal interests contained in this factual control are essentially embodied as freedom of information. For this reason, the protection of enterprise data should be granted through the maintenance of data control, and the various practical interests that may be involved in the competition for data control can be protected through tort law, contract law and competition law.