晚清上海的「海關檢疫」

“Customs Quarantine” in Shanghai during the Late Qing Era

1873年，上海開始設立海港檢疫，由海關承擔該項職責。1894年香港鼠疫爆發後，租界當局積極參與防疫，從而改變了上海「海關檢疫」的單一狀況，進入海關和租界當局合作的檢治結合模式。1899年前後，海關設立崇寶沙醫院和吳淞口檢疫所，開始進行較正規的海港檢疫。然而，簡單粗暴的檢疫方式引起華人不滿，在總理各國事務衙門的干涉下，江海關道對此進行了改革，一面引導華商捐資在吳淞北港嘴設立中國防疫醫院，專門收治華人染疫者，一面重建海港檢疫體制。晚清上海「海關檢疫」的演變表明，上海的海港檢疫是地方各種勢力共同行動的結果，具有複雜的內涵，並非簡單的海關行政權力問題。

The mechanism of quarantine at ports was established in Shanghai in 1873, under the charge of customs authorities. During the 1894 outbreak of plague in Hong Kong, it was the foreign concessions fighting against the plague that eventually altered the singular quarantine mode, namely, “customs quarantine,” which combined the customs service and concessions for quarantine on the one side and governing on the other. After 1899 quarantine in the standard sense was inaugurated through the establishment of two institutions--Chong Baosha Hospital and the Wusong Port Quarantine Bureau. Nonetheless, oversimplified, savage quarantine measures resulted in increasing anger among Chinese citizens, which led to the intervention of the Zongli Yamen. The Shanghai Customs thus promoted reforms to its quarantine procedures, encouraging donations from Chinese merchants to set up a quarantine hospital to the north of Wusong Port to accommodate infected Chinese, as well as endeavoring to reestablish the institution of quarantine at ports. The development of “customs quarantine” in Shanghai during the late Qing era indicates that quarantine at ports in this city went through a complicated process shaped by multiple local forces and cannot be viewed as a simply result of decisions by the customs authorities.