比較性理解是否蘊含非比較性理解？

Does Comparative Understanding Entail Non-Comparative Understanding?

路易‧羅斯（Lewis Ross）在論證理解化約論不成立的時候，預設了一個相當弱的，擁有非比較性理解的標準：如果A1比A2更理解X，則A1理解X。本文將建構兩個反例，證明羅斯這個標準不會成立。我們的反例將分別基於，理解有認知成就，以及理解有真確性，這兩個觀點來建構。

When arguing against reductionism about understanding, Lewis Ross indicates a rather weak criterion for non-comparative understanding: if A1 understands X better than A2 does, then A1 understands X. In this paper, two counterexamples to Ross's criterion are constructed on the ideas that understanding requires cognitive achievement and that understanding is factive, respectively.