抵抗的創意：《滾滾遼河》與滿洲國青年的抗日活動（1932－1945）

Chinese Youth's Anti-Japanese Activities in Manchukuo, 1932-1945

東北青年如何抗日？滿洲國的日本警察特務如何監控這些青年人的抗日活動？其中滿族青年在這些抗日活動當中，如何看待自身視國民政府為滿洲王朝的敵人，而自己又為日本宰制的處境呢？本論文是以清華大學圖書館特藏的紀剛先生所捐獻有關《滾滾遼河》的手稿文獻為基礎的研究項目，探討抗戰時期滿洲國在日本控制下東北青年的地下抗日工作情形。由於抗戰後國共持續內戰、大陸淪陷、冷戰期間的兩岸對峙，使得這段東亞歷史中「不能說的祕密」更加詭譎難解，成為國共兩方的抗戰專業史家以及目前仍舊存活並散居兩岸與北美的歷史當事人爭辯的焦點。本文擬透過紀剛先生所捐獻其親身參與東北地下工作收集的文獻資料，進一步耙梳與解讀這一段血淚交織、眾聲喧譁的歷史，尤其是滿洲警察解讀剖析的抗日文藝作品與地下抗日所生產的文本。有別於史學理論上詹姆斯‧史考特（James Scott）的經典著作《支配與反抗的藝術：隱藏的文本》，以美國南方白人與黑人以種族和階級為主的二元對立和被動的反抗論述結構，本文立基於中國東北日本人／滿人／漢人錯綜複雜的民族和種族的互動關係，探討1930與1940年代滿洲國文化秩序中的文藝書寫活動與政治。

How did young people in Northeast China resist the Japanese invasion? How did the Japanese secret service monitor their cultural activities in Manchukuo? How did the Manchus view these activities within a situation in which they saw the Republican government as their enemy, when they were ruled by the Japanese? The different modes of spatial knowledge these historical actors have employed in narrating the borders of culture and geography have expanded our horizon of this time/space of conflict. This paper explores Chinese young people's anti-Japanese activities in Manchukuo, based on the materials donated by renowned Chinese writer Ji Gang (紀剛). Ji Gang participated in these activities under the cover of a medical student, and described them in his well-received non-fiction book Rolling Liao River (Gungun liaohe 滾滾遼河). The paper focuses in particular on the Japanese secret police's reports, donated by Ji Gang to the Tsing Hua University Library, that analyze the anti-Japanese content of Chinese literary works. These reports can be described as the hidden transcripts, in terms of James C. Scott's definition. However, Scott's work on domination and resistance is framed within a dichotomy of dominator/dominated. This paper will explore the multi-sided contention in Manchukuo involving interactions among the Japanese, Manchus, Han, Nationalists, and Communists through their literary writings.