選擇沉默還是發聲？影響公務員揭弊意願因素之實證研究

Staying Silent or Speaking Out Loud? An Empirical Study on Factors Influencing Civil Servant's Whistle-Blowing Intention

本研究嘗試以公務人員主觀道德價值判斷角度，搭配公共服務動機理論作為測量依據，探析服務動機如何影響揭弊意願，並利用風險承受程度及感知被報復風險機率作為調節變項進行交互作用分析，進一步探究風險程度對於公共服務動機與揭弊意願之間的差異。研究主軸以2016年「臺灣文官調查IV：公務人員風險偏好、服務動機、與決策類型之關係──建立一個勇於任事的政府」第一波調查內容為分析基礎，經集群分析及階層迴歸等統計分析發現，公共服務動機與揭弊意願間具有顯著正向關係，尤其在公共利益承諾及自我犧牲層面更加突出。此外，本研究發現感知被報復風險機率因素在公共服務動機與揭弊意願之間發揮調節作用，而個人風險承受程度高低並無產生影響，此結果顯示「怕報復預期心理」在揭弊意願中扮演關鍵因素，對於我國實務與學理上完善揭弊者保護提供有利循證基礎，未來法案推動及研究議題應從保護法規制度強化、組織氛圍探悉及個人認知等多重面向進行改善，以降低吹哨揭弊之障礙。

This study aims at using the subjective moral judgment of public servants, with the theory of public service motivation as the measurement basis, to explore how service motivation affects whistle-blowing intention, and uses individual risk tolerance and perceived risk of revenge as moderators for interaction analysis to examine the difference in degree of risk between public service motivation and the whistle-blowing intention. This study is based on the 2016 Taiwan Government Bureaucrats Survey IV. Using cluster analysis and hierarchical regression, this research found that there is a significant positive relationship between public service motivation and whistle-blowing intention, especially at the level of public interest commitment and self-sacrifice. Furthermore, this research also found that instead of individual risk tolerance, perceived risk of revenge is a moderator between public service motivation and the whistle-blowing intention. The result showed that the anticipation of facing revenged is key to whistle-blowing intention. To provide an evidence-based foundation for both practice and academy on the protection of whistleblowing, future bill and research could consider improvements about protection laws and regulations, exploration of organizational atmosphere, and personal cognition.