各國競爭政策與產業政策調和之研究──以能源產業為中心

過去建立在能源產業屬自然獨占之思考，早期我國能源產業一直是受保護且由政府特別管制的事業。其後，伴隨著自由化的國際潮流、以及國營且獨占衍生經營效率不彰的弊端，政府持續開放解除管制以及民營化等能源政策，惟在能源產業的開放與解除管制的經驗中卻又發現，由於相關配套措施的不足，容易導致效能競爭的忽略，突顯競爭政策與產業政策沒有互動與調和的惡果。觀察國內能源市場發生的許多問題，例如近日台電公司與民營電廠之間的合約糾紛引發效能競爭不足的問題；油品市場的開放，因未達充分廠商家數，卻導致假性競爭以及另一種壟斷的結果；均有違當初政府解除管制市場開放競爭的目的。此外，再生能源固定投入費率的作法與措施，仍舊重蹈覆轍，無法避免與預防未來爭議的可能發生。睽諸其他國家經驗，包含歐盟、日本以及韓國，在各項產業相關政策與法令的訂定過程，均需事前知會與諮詢競爭主管機關，以為競爭內涵影響效能的檢視與評估。在國際能源政策競爭政策為主、產業政策為輔的世界潮流下，未來能源產業政策或法令擬訂與修訂時，涉及競爭法事項時，應採事先倡議原則，將公平交易法第9條的地位，提升至「應當」、「強制」事前諮詢競爭主管機關，同時透過競爭評估指引與政府補貼處理原則的建立，推動政策評估，賦予競爭主管機管檢視各項涉及競爭法內涵的評估權利，建立積極的調和機制。

Directly, the energy industry is related to the national economic development. Taiwan’s energy industry is particularly protected and managed by the government for a long time. In early times, it adopted the monopoly and state-owned operation method, so as to ensure the stable supply of various energy resources and government liabilities. However, it also resulted in the corruption and inefficiency of the public enterprises. Under the global trend of internalization, liberalization and privatization, Taiwan’s energy industry is gradually stepping into the open status to some extent, but some cases and experiences of market competition failure still occur. In the future, under the conditions of energy shortage and the urgent goal of environmental protection, whether it is for the petroleum, liquefied gas, natural gas or the power industry, it requires management on the aspects of energy saving and decentralized energy supply system, as well as the participative policy-making. The economy does not result from a single person or a single government agency. During recent years, EU, Japan and Korea are accelerating regulatory reform in the field of energy industries. And through statutory requirements for inter-agency prior consultation when they intend to issue an act, decree or order that would restrain competition seems to function well. Competition advocacy not only the FTC’s business but also other government agencies obligate to self-assess anti-competitive effect as a part of intrinsic Policy Evaluation. Based on the thinking this paper suggests that the status of TFTA article 9 should be promoted and establishing a broader environment for competition advocacy is urgent.