試論《三國演義》中人物品評所揭櫫之文化意義

Research on the Cultural Significance of Judging the Characters' Personality from the Romance of Three Kingdoms

本文析論《三國演義》中人物品評所揭櫫之文化意義，目的在闡述其書以尊德行為核心價值取向。首先引述《後漢書》、《三國志》等史籍有關人物品評的記載，以說明漢末到三國人物品評風氣的歷史軌跡。其次介紹《三國演義》中三段重要的人物品評情節，一、「水鏡薦臥龍」，二、「曹操煮酒論英雄」，三、「趙雲論英雄」。水鏡的人物品評還是承繼東漢為朝廷舉賢的傳統，曹操與趙雲則著眼於地方領袖的人格特質。「曹操煮酒論英雄」歷數二袁二劉等人，才略低下非英雄，是純以才能為準。「趙雲論英雄」，疵議袁紹與公孫瓚，無忠君救民之心非英雄，則是以德性為準。「趙雲論英雄」之情節筆鋒尤為深致，述說著處於三國亂世艱困的時代，志士仁人心中猶然堅守著德行心術的「普世價值」。綜言之，《三國演義》的人物品評觀點，實深具文化意義。

This research indicates the cultural significance of judging the personality of the characters from the Romance of the Three Kingdoms and explains the core values of moral behavior. In this book, I first quoted from the Book of Eastern Han and The History of the Three Kingdoms, as they relate to judging the characters' personalities, in order to explain historical methodologies used to judge the characters' personalities from the end of Han to the Three Kingdoms period. Second, I introduced three important episodes, which may be used to judge the characters' personalities: 1. Shu Ching recommended Wo Lung. 2. Tsao Tsao judged all the heroes, while he was drinking wine with Liu Bei. 3. Chao Yun judged all the heroes. The criticism of the heroes by Shu Ching followed the tradition of commending capable persons for the court in the Eastern Han period; however, Tsao Tsao and Chao Yun emphasized the characters' personalities from the local leaders. While Tsao Tsao judged the heroes, he mentioned the two Yuans and two Lius: If the person had no talent, then he could not be listed as hero. The concept was based solely on talent. While Chao Yun judged the heroes, he criticized Yuan Shao and Kungsun Tsan, as they were not loyal to their leaders and had no compassion to save the people. Therefore, Chao based his standard solely on virtues. There was depth in the description of how Chao Yun judged the heroes. He stated that during the hardships and the fighting in the Three Kingdoms period, the upright and merciful persons still upheld the universal values of morality and compassion. In researching the judgment of characters’personalities from the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, we can identify important cultural significance. Translated by Hsuan Chung-wen, PhD