國際難民處理之現狀及其法制與困境

The Status Quo of International Refugee Treatment with Its Legal Development and Limitation

難民問題影響全球甚鉅，本文首先介紹國際社會當前之狀況，並從國際法輔以各類型案例做分析，由《1951年難民公約》以及1967年《與難民地位有關之議定書》等國際法觀點，定義難民及其保障之範圍。於區域層面之探討，則以美、歐與非洲國家通過因地制宜之條約宣言為主；就各別國家面對難民之因應方式，各國為善盡義務與人道考量，皆立法以處置國內難民申請案件，並透過UNHCR協助完善庇護機制，由於各國國情相異，因此處理難民問題之法制政策亦不盡相同，目前已制定相關法律之國家眾多，我國難民法草案說明中提及參酌美國、英國、加拿大、日本、韓國、德國等國家庇護制度與法規，擬具我國難民法草案，故本文茲就草案列舉國家中與難民相關制度執行經驗及有特色之處理模式做為參考基準簡述討論；而我國對於難民之處理，亦擬草案以為應對，不落人後。惟現實上處理難民事務，確有其困難，實亟有待國際社會成員共同協助與努力。

The issue of refugees has a huge impact on the world. This article first introduces the current status of refugee in the international community and analyzes it from international law with various types of cases. It is defined by the 1951 Refugee Convention and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees about the scope of refugees and their protection. At the regional level, the United States, Europe and African countries adopted the treaty and declaration based on local conditions. In the case of individual countries facing the refugees and adopting the way to respond, each country has the legislation to deal with domestic refugee application cases to fulfill their duty and humanity concern, and also through UNHCR to help them to improve the asylum mechanism. As to the way of our country to handle the refugees, the refugee law was also drafted to respond it and not to fall behind other countries. However, in reality, it is indeed difficult to deal with refugee affairs. It is still awaiting the cooperative mechanisms and efforts of the members of international community.