刑法正當事由效力位階之辯證

刑法正當事由，表面上雖然造成他人權利侵害，但由於為法律所容許的行為，不僅不構成犯罪，反而是合法正當的權利行為。正當事由類型，在位階層次上未曾被區分，然而位階層次不同，法律所賦予權利亦不同。依法令行為，屬於法律允許的積極行為，並要求積極的行為，位階層次最高；業務正當行為，屬於半積極的行為，為社會正向期待的行為，位階層次次之，正當防衛行為，屬於純粹消極的被動行為，在無法立即獲得公權力保護狀況下，容許的權利行為，位階層次最低。正當事由界限判斷，依法令之行為，必須是明確的法律授權，且授權應符合層級化法律保留規範，執行不得逾越必要界限；業務正當行為，必須遵守法令及標準作業程序，且是社會期待的行為；正當防衛行為，防衛必須考量法益、手段與方式的衡平，且須以最大寬容原則，判定防衛行為是否過當。

As prescribed in Criminal Code, just cause, a probable detriment to others’rights on the face of it, is conferred by law. Therefore, instead of being an element constituting a crime, a just cause is a legal and legitimate right of conduct. The stages of just cause have never been distinguished and classified. However, rights conferred by law are corresponding to different legal stages. To be specific, a conduct performed in accordance with law or order is considered positive behavior granted and at the same time required by law. This type of conduct is classified as the highest stage. Then, proper conduct in the course of due business, considered less active but meeting positive social expectations, belongs to the second stage. Legitimate self-defense, purely passive behavior and a right of conduct granted by law when public power cannot be timely procedures. This type of conduct shall meet social expectations. Regarding legitimate elf-defense, the balance between legal interest, means and methods should be taken into consideration. In addition, the maximum tolerance principle shall apply to determine if it’s excessive self-defense.