社區參與世界遺產經營：國際相關政策的緣起與演進

Community Participation in World Heritage Management: The Origin and Evolution of the Relevant International Policies

世界遺產公約推行至今超過40年，回顧相關政策可以發現，對於住在世界遺產內以及周圍的居民，在遺產規劃和經營過程中所扮演的角色，已有很大的轉變。這項轉變主要發生在1990年代，尤其是1992年的里約地球高峰會議後，「在地」、「社區參與」和「永續發展」等概念愈來愈受到重視，而「社區」也在2007年成為世界遺產公約的五大策略目標之一。今日的我們或許會認為，社區和權益關係者參與世界遺產經營是理所當然之事，但二、三十年前則並非如此受到重視。本文探討社區參與世界遺產經營之國際相關策略的緣起與演進，依序分析世界遺產公約及其作業準則中和社區參與有關條文、世界遺產文化景觀、亞太在地計畫、社區參與世界遺產價值評估、社區參與世界遺產永續利用和發展、世界遺產「5Cs」策略目標中的「社區」、世界遺產公約締約40周年紀念大會主題等。結果顯示，隨著近20餘年國際趨勢的影響、世界遺產公約作業準則的多次修訂、以及世界遺產中心相關政策和計畫的推動，社區參與已成為世界遺產經營的重要策略。

The World Heritage Convention was ratified more than 40 years ago. A review of the relevant World Heritage policies shows that the role of local people living in and around World Heritage sites has changed considerably in terms of heritage planning and management. A significant shift in World Heritage concepts and approaches occurred during the 1990s, stimulated in particular by the Earth Summit 1992. Since then the concepts of ‘localism,’ ‘community participation’ and ‘sustainable development’ have been valued. In 2007 ‘Communities’ was introduced and became one of five Strategic Objectives (5Cs) of the World Heritage Convention. Although community involvement and stakeholder participation would be taken for granted today, this was not the case twenty or thirty years ago. This paper explores the origin and evolution of the World Heritage policies on community participation. Topics of analysis include the articles of the World Heritage Convention and its Operational Guidelines related to community participation, World Heritage Cultural Landscapes, Local Effort in Asia and the Pacific (LEAP), the assessment of Outstanding Universal Values by local communities, sustainable use and sustainable management, the ‘5Cs’ Strategic Objectives and the celebration of the 40th anniversary of the World Heritage Convention. The findings show that with the impact of the internationalization trend in the last 20 years, the revision of the Operational Guidelines of the Convention as well as the relevant policies and projects promoted by the World Heritage Center, ommunity participation has become one of the key strategies for World Heritage management.