「失序」與「重構」：清朝咸同年間雲南漢回事變與邊疆治理研究（1856-1874）

'Disorder'' and ''Reconstruction'': Study on the Conflicts Between Han and Hui in Yunnan and the Frontier Governance during the Dao-Xian Times in the Qing Dynasty (1856-1874)

咸同年間（1856-1874），雲南地區的漢回互鬥矛盾進一步加劇，民族矛盾演變為反清回民事變，持續時間長，涉及範圍廣，呈現出突發、尖銳、複雜的特點，導致社會動盪，邊疆一度失控。究其原因，經濟資源爭奪與分配不均、宗教文化和生活習俗不同以及政府及官員偏好、地方基層組織「牛叢」、「香把會」與遊勇盜匪均成為引發衝突的主要根源。清政府在應對危機與治理邊疆的過程中，希望通過借助並強化國家在邊疆的各種社會資源，以期形成合力作用，重構邊疆秩序。

The conflicts between Han and Hui has further intensified during the period of Xian-Tong (1856-1874), the national contradictions evolved into a long lasting and wide-ranging great uprising against the Qing dynasty of the Hui. The uprising presented a sudden, sharp, complex characteristics, resulting in social unrest, the border once out of control. Economic resources competition and uneven distribution, different religious cultures and customs, preference of government and officials, weak officials and strong people, lack of mutual trust between Han and Hui nationalities, local organization which named ''Niucong'', ''Xiangbahui'', stragglers and bandits have all become the main causes of conflicts. In dealing with the conflicts, the Qing government hoped to make use of and strengthen various social resources of the state in the border areas, so as to form a synergy and reconstruct the order of frontier.