排灣語人名截短詞初探

Truncation of Personal Names in Paiwan

本研究藉由第一手語料探討平和排灣與佳平排灣的人名截短形式，並聚焦於此語言的音韻規則與限制。大多數的截短形式皆受兩原則所規範：第一，截短詞的大小需符合最小韻律詞也就是一個韻步的限制；第二，字首輔音由喉塞音取代，以ʔV.CV(C)的形式出現。然而其他形式的截短詞顯示同時滿足這兩條原則並非必要，有些只遵守大小的限制，以CV.CV(C)的樣子出現，有些則遵從字首為喉塞音的限制，以ʔV.CV.CV(C)的樣貌顯現。其他更少見的截短形式為前述三者的任意結合。本研究以優選理論分析最常見的截短形式如何由限制雙音拍大小的制約與要求去除口腔發音部位的制約互動而來。同時，無法順利預測其他類別的截短詞也顯示了排灣語對此構詞形式的制約排序並不緊密，因此允許不同的自由形式存在。

This article examines commonly observed forms of truncated personal names based on first-hand data collected from two Paiwan villages (Piuma and Kaviangan) with a focus on their phonological regularities and restrictions. The majority of truncations is regulated by two guiding principles: meeting the minimal size of a prosodic word and replacing word-initial consonants with a glottal stop. However, different truncated forms indicate that the two principles are not obligatory. Truncated forms may meet the size requirement (e.g., CV.CV(C)) or replace the initial consonant with a glottal stop (e.g., ʔV.CV.CV(C)). Less commonly, some names have more than one truncated form. An optimality-theoretic analysis accounts for ʔV.CV(C) being the norm, indicating the importance of being bimoraic and reducing oral gestures of the initial consonant. The fact that only the most common type can be predicted also suggests that the ranking relation between constraints is not stringent, allowing a variety of truncated patterns to surface.