從對冉求的批判管窺孔子的事君之道及其背後的治國理念──《論語集注》中所見宋儒的觀點

A Restricted View of Confucius' Way of a Great Minister and its Underlying Conception of Governance as Seen Through His Critique of Jan Ch'iu - A Neo-Confucian Perspective in Chu Hsi's Collected Commentaries on the Analects

如文題所示，本文集焦於孔子對冉求的批判，主要處理的是以下的三個課題：一、冉求為季氏宰，其客觀過犯為何？其不足以為「大臣」，主觀原因又為何？二、大臣之道，濃縮於孔子「以道事君，不能者止」一語之中，其所講求的究是如何的一種態度？所體現的又是怎樣的一種風格？三、孔子之所以批判冉求，其背後的理據為何？所謂「以道事君」，所言的道，其內涵又為何？必須深入探求此一課題中所蘊涵的孔子的治國理念，始能對前兩課題有清楚的瞭解。可見，三者雖相對獨立，實密切相關。研究過程中，本文作者曾經詳細參考朱子及其《論語集注》所引宋代諸儒的說法。故此，如副題之所示，即謂本研究乃宋儒意見的整理，亦無不可。

Revolving around Confucius' critique of Jan Ch'iu, one of his prominent disciples, this study addresses three important issues. 1) It first examines what severe crimes Jan Ch'iu had committed as the steward of Chi K'ang-tzu and why he failed to live up to the standard expected of a great minister despite of his versatility and aspiration to statesmanship. 2) It then explores what it is that Confucius meant by ''the Way of a great minister'', probing for the quintessential qualities a great minister should possess through scrutinizing the words and deeds of Confucius himself. 3) Delving into the grounds on which Jan Ch'iu was vehemently criticized, it further analyzes the concrete ideas Confucius had in his mind regarding how a state should be governed, both internally and externally. In dealing with these relatively independent and yet closely intertwined issues, the views of such Neo-Confucian philosophers as Chu Hsi, as recorded in his Collected Commentaries on the Analects, have been widely and carefully consulted. It is, therefore, by no means far-fetched to suggest that this study is indeed one on the Neo-Confucian perception of the three issues.