十三、四世紀德意志騎士團的東北歐十字軍在中古異教徒戰爭中的地位

The Crusades of the Teutonic Order in Northeast Europe in the War against Pagan during the 13th and 14th Centuries

十三和十四世紀德意志騎士團在東北歐的普魯士及立夫尼亞所進行異教徒戰爭，係屬中世紀高峰期所興起的十字軍運動之一環。最初在1190年成立於巴勒斯坦的德意志騎士團，在東地中海的十字軍國度日趨衰敗的背景下，使其在該地的發展並不順遂。時至十三世紀前期，適逢波蘭北部馬佐維亞公國在波羅的海南岸的異教徒戰爭一再失利，德意志騎士團於是藉由受邀而將其發展重心轉向東北歐。至十三世紀晚期之際，德意志騎士團對異教徒普魯深人入所進行的宗教戰爭，可謂是一重振十字軍理想之機。係因羅馬教宗及各地諸侯欲藉東北歐信仰戰爭，重新激勵基督教世界的整體士氣，騎士團也就藉各方之助而在1283年全面征服普魯士。其後當基督徒在1291年失去巴勒斯坦最後一個據點後，對異教徒復仇情緒頓時轉向對立陶宛人的戰爭中。其後整個十四世紀進程中，德意志騎士團的立陶宛戰爭，薈集全歐貴族武士的目光，紛紛展開所謂「普魯士之旅」或「立陶宛之旅」，加入征討立陶宛人的聖戰。本文擬以德意志騎士團的東北歐十字軍為題，探討此一異教徒戰爭的本質及其在中古異教徒戰爭中的地位。

The Crusade campaigned by the Teutonic Order of Knight in Prussia and Livonia during the 13th and 14th centuries was part of the Crusade movements in the high middle ages. The Teutonic Order of Knight which was established in Palestine in 1190, but the Teutonic Order of Knight did not develop without obstacles. By the end of the 13th century, when the Mazovia Duchy in northern Poland’s war against the pagans failed, the Teutonic Order of Knight seized the opportunity to reinforce the Mazovia Duchy in the Holy War against the pagans in Northeast Europe. This helped the Teutonic Order of Knight to revitalize and to conquer Prussia in 1283. As Acre in Palestine fell in 1291, the war against pagans was turned to the Lithuanian in Northeast Europe. In the 14th century, the Holy War against the pagans attracted the aristocrats and the knights from all over Europe to join in. This study aims to explore the Crusades taken by the Teutonic Order of Knight in Northeast Europe during the 13th and 14th centuries, and it will analyze the nature and importance of this religious war in which the nobles and the knights were drawn to participate in terms of Holy War against the Lithuanian pagans.