祈戰死與「肉彈」美學：論晚清小說「武士道」文學敘事的層層展演

The Aesthetics of ''Hope for Dying in the War'' and ''Human Bomb'': The Development of the ''Bushido'' Literature in the Late Qing Dynasty

晚清日本與中國的交流多元且複雜，本文將以富含日本武士道精神的晚清翻譯小說《旅順實戰記──一名「肉彈」》為切入點，兼論其他含有武士道色彩的創作小說《應徵與歡送》、《祈戰死》、《陸軍萬歲‧帝國萬歲》、《中國戰爭未來記》與《破裂不全的小說》。挖掘「武士道」自日本到中國後，敘事特徵和其層層轉化。如推崇「祈戰死」視死如歸的「犧牲」精神，時刻以「殉死」決心應戰；小說內含大量死亡與血腥的場景，戰場上的砲彈爆裂、人身損毀、撞擊聲響，都是特有的「肉彈美學」表現，具極高的文學意涵。另外，當中國自身吸收、擷取「武士道」後，將其特色運用在「招兵買馬」的軍事徵兵作品上，儼然重新吸收、節取並賦予新的中國「武士道」意義。

In the late Qing Dynasty, the exchanges between Japan and China were diverse and complex. This article will take the late Qing Dynasty translated novel, ''Record of Lushun Combat - a Human Bomb'', which is full of the spirit of Japanese Bushido as the starting point, as well as discussing other novels containing Bushido spirit, including ''Application and Farewell'', ''Pray for Dying in the War'', ''Long Live the Army, Long Live Empire'', ''The Future of the China War'' and ''Broken Novel'', to excavate the transformation of ''Bushido'' in the narrative methods as the Bushido spirit spreads from Japan to China. For example, the novels esteem the spirit of ''Hope for Dying in the War'' - the spirit of ''sacrifice'' and seeing death as the only way for warriors in every war; or the novel contains a lot of scenes of death and blood, as well as the burst of artillery shells on the battlefield, the damaging of human bodies, and the sounds of impact, which are the aesthetics of the human bombs, and have very high literary meanings. In addition, when China selected and absorbed ''Bushido'', it applied its characteristics to the conscription works, and re-given the meaning of ''Chinese Bushido''.