傅克《溫定娜》的同化問題

The Problem of Assimilation in Fouqué's Undine

傅克《溫定娜》是一個關於人類與精怪的愛情悲劇，傳統觀點視之為呈現人類與自然的關係、或宗教性救贖的完成。在拿破崙戰爭激化種族衝突的時代背景下，本文重新解讀此作品主旨為他者的同化問題，從兩個角度切入：一是陌生外來者試圖融入目標族群的同化努力，面臨兩個困境，如何擺脫固有的原鄉負擔，以及被視為他者遭到拒絕，二者造成其恆久的內在焦慮；另一是目標族群的陌生恐懼，透過區隔自我與他者所建構的身分認同，在熟悉環境中卻出現他者挑戰，將造成其不安全感。無論同化努力的深淺程度如何，陌生恐懼的排他性才是決定的關鍵。小說結局中尋求入籍的溫定娜精神死亡，與代表目標族群的胡爾伯朗肉體死亡，二人共同毀滅明示異族同化的不可能性。

Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué's novel ''Undine'' (1811) is a tragedy about the ill-fated love between a human and a non-human creature. The work was considered by the traditional researchers to be either the representation of the relation between human and nature or the accomplishment of a religious salvation. Other than that, my article takes into account of the historical backgrounds of the novel's creation (Napoleonic Wars caused the rise of German nationalism which intensified the antagonistic consciousness against alien races and resulted in repulsion for the assimilation of minorities) and regards the core of the work as dealing in fact with the problem of assimilation. The analyses are carried out from the following two perspectives. 1.) In the struggle of assimilation to integrate himself into the society of the local ethnic group, the strange foreigner is confronted with two predicaments: to free himself from the internal and external burden of his nativeness and to be refused as the other by the local society, which brings about his permanent anxiety. 2.) The local ethnic group mistrusts and fears the strange foreigner, a kind of xenophobia: the identity constituted through segmentation of the self and the other is threatened by insecurity when meeting the strangeness in a familiar environment. The success or failure of the integration of the foreigner into the local society is not determined by the degree of the former's assimilation, but by the extent of the latter's xenophobia. The mutual destruction at the end of the novel, the spiritual death of the assimilating Undine and the physical death of Huldbrand who stands for the local society, manifests the impossibility of the assimilation of different races.