問是誰家天下──中國的政治整合模式

Who Owns the World? China's Model of Political Integration

直到西方國家以巨砲打開中國大門之前，中國作為全面統治東亞大陸的最大國家，已經以自身獨特的政治整合方式存在了四千年。《尚書．禹貢》是年代最久傳說屬於夏朝的天下治理體制原型，以同心圓方式，描繪了由天子王畿、內服諸侯到外服與國逐層管理的世界圖像，秦始皇統一天下，廣置郡縣，建立對內中央集權體制，漢宣帝設立西域都護，建立朝貢國際體系，漢武帝獨尊儒術，對內形成宗法一體化結構，對外形成華夷秩序。這一以中國天子為中心的中華帝國世界秩序觀念，事實上不曾因中國分裂而崩潰，中國並存的王朝，皆有其各自的天下秩序。中華帝國世界秩序最後因中華民國建國而瓦解，以天賦人權、社會契約論和分權制衡為其內涵的憲政民主體制取代宗法一體化下的皇帝獨裁制；源自西伐利亞體系的近代國際法秩序，則打破朝貢體制，迫使中國轉型為主權國家，與世界各國地位平等。然中國封建文化影響畢竟根深蒂固，在當代中華人民共和國的黨國統治中，我們仍然看到了中國的大一統、宗法一體化結構和朝貢體制的遺緒。對傳統中華帝國政治整合模式的整理和掌握，多少有助於我們認識宣稱要實現中華民族偉大復興的當代中國。

The concept of a Chinese world order centered on the emperor of China, has in fact never collapsed, even when China was divided, because China's coexisting dynasties all have their own world orders. The Chinese world order finally collapsed at the founding of the Republic of China. The constitutional democratic system with natural human rights, social contract theory, and separation of powers and a system of checks and balances and all the implications of these replaces the emperor's dictatorship under the patriarchal integrated structure. The modern international law order, as derived from the Westphalian system, broke the tributary system, forcing China to transform into a sovereign state sharing equal status with other countries in the world. Although the influence of Chinese feudal culture is deeply rooted yet, under the contemporary party-state rule of the People's Republic of China, we still see the legacy of China's great unification idea, the patriarchal integrated structure and the tributary system. Careful clarification and mastery of the traditional Chinese empire political integration model can lead us to comprehension of contemporary China, which claims to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.