大學學雜費管制的憲法框架與調整程序之檢視

Review of the Constitutional Framework for the University Tuition Fees and the Adjustment Process

少子女化影響下，各大學或多或少都面臨經營困境，其中關鍵之一即屬於教育行政機關對於學雜費的管制。本文之作主要是希望找出在憲法框架下，能夠兼顧三方面憲法價值的大學學雜費管制模式：一是學術自由及私人興學自由下，各大學財務自治的空間；其二則是在社會國原則下，大學收取學雜費不應導致有意就讀大學者的門檻；以及最後，學雜費收取必須符合其法律性質，亦即財政憲法及公課法的諸多要求，並由此檢視我國現行學雜費調整程序。

Affected by the low birth rate, each university is more or less facing operational difficulties. One of the difficulties is the control on the tuition fees imposed by educational authorities. This article aims to articulate a tuition fee control model that may not undercut three important constitutional values and use the model to review current tuition fee adjustment process. The three constitutional values include: (1) the financial autonomy of universities which is derived from academic freedom and freedom of private education; (2) the university tuition fees not being the threshold of seeking higher education which is protected by the social state principle; (3) the collection of tuition fees being compliant with their legal characteristics, which means meeting the requirements of financial constitution and common levies.