中國大陸古建築文物修復師與臺灣傳統匠師職業標準研究

A Study on the Occupational Standards for Restorer of Ancient Architectural Structures in China and Traditional Craftsmen in Taiwan

中國大陸自西元1999年發布第一版職業分類大典後，為反映國際經濟與產業結構的快速變化，及加強對「不可移動文物」的「古建築」保護管理工作，於西元2015年版職業分類大典中確立「古建築工」的職業項及其定義，並透過《中華人民共和國文物保護法》、《國家職業技能標準編制技術規範》及《文物保護行業標準管理辦法》等法規規範，於西元2017年由國家文物局完成「古建築文物修復師」的職業技能標準編輯工作，並依古建築保護工程需求，分級制定技術或材料等標準化體系。本文藉由中國大陸古建築相關人、事、物及各項標準化保護管理的體系建構過程，對照臺灣傳統匠師之資格取得及相關工作規範制定過程，冀對兩岸傳統建築技術修復人才資格及認證發展有進一步認識。

In 1999 China released the first edition of its Occupational Classification Code. This was followed in 2015 by the publication of the Procedural Classification Code in order to reflect rapid changes in the international economy and industrial structure, and to strengthen the protection and management of“ancient architecture structures”that represent“immovable cultural heritage”.1 The occupational terms and definitions for“craftsman of ancient architectural structures”were established in the 2017 National Cultural Heritage Code, in line with the“Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Heritage”;“Technical Specifications for the Preparation of National Vocational Skills Standards”;“Administrative Measures for Occupational Standard for Cultural Heritage Preservation”and other regulations. The Bureau of Cultural Heritage has completed the editing of the occupational skills standards of the“heritage restorer for ancient buildings”and established technical and material standards according to the requirements of the ancient building protection act of 2017. This paper explores the nature of personnel and procedures relating to ancient architecture in China and compares various standardized protection and management measures with corresponding qualifications for traditional craftsmen and the formulation of relevant work practices in Taiwan. It is anticipated that this will lead to better understanding of the development of qualification certification for traditional skill (intangible cultural heritage) preservation across the Taiwan Straits.