「心中的一把火」：論民主轉型中的惡與不正義

“Anger Fires Up the Heart”: On Evil and Injustice in the Transition to Democracy

本文折衷鄂蘭及史珂拉的論述，探討民主轉型過程中所涉及的惡與不正義，以及受害者不正義的感受。不正義的感受不僅來自於過去發生的人權侵害所造成的嚴重傷害，也來自對於惡的不理解及不正義感受的忽視，讓有罪不罰的文化更加根深蒂固。審判及懲罰加害者雖然必要，但它們並不足以解決邪惡根源的問題。本文認為關鍵在於面對不同層次的不正義概念，需要區隔第一序與第二序的不正義，並檢討惡與不正義的因素以建立預防措施，才是達成民主轉型目標的重要步驟。

Based on an eclectic discourse on Arendt and Shklar, this paper explores political evils and injustices involved in the process of democratic transition, as well as the feelings of victims of injustice. Feelings of injustice arise from past violations of human rights, an inability to comprehend evil, and social ignorance, or disregard, of perceptions of injustice, all of which contributes to a culture of impunity. Trials and punishments of the guilty are necessary, but not sufficient, to address the problem of evil. This article argues that the key to doing so is found in facing the concept of injustice at different levels. It is necessary to distinguish between first order and second order injustices, and to review those factors responsible for inflicting injustice to establish preventive measures. This is an important step to fully realizing a democratic transformation.