方以智《痒訊》的家國憂患與詩學轉向

Poetic Change and the Concern for Home and Nation in Fang Yizhi's Yangxun

崇禎十三年（1640）到十七年（1644）三月之間，方以智在北京寫下詩集《痒訊》，書名擷取自《詩經》「癙憂以痒」、「莫肯用訊」，意思是憂鬱成疾但卻無法上告君王。本文分析方以智此部詩集的主要內涵：先論方以智驚聞父親方孔炤作戰失利而被逮，原因在於督師楊嗣昌一意孤行，心中遂湧起無助的悲哀淒楚；次論方以智因為父親繫獄而上疏朝廷，願以己身代父，在四方求助、苦心守候之下，終於盼到其父獲釋；再又，透過寫給友人姜垓的詩作，闡述生命中的這場苦難，讓方以智的詩學觀念發生轉向，與原本的復古理念有別；最後聚焦於崇禎十七年初的政治氛圍，方以智「家」的創傷進一步擴大為「國」的創傷，也宣告其日後的詩學思想將續作變化。

From the thirteenth year of the Chongzhen 崇禎 reign period until the third month of its seventeenth year (1640-1644), Fang Yizhi 方以智 worked on a poetry collection titled Yangxun 痒訊. The title of the collection was taken from the lines shuyou yiyang 癙憂以痒 (which means ＂My hidden sorrow goes on to make me ill＂) and moken yongxun 莫肯用訊 (which means ＂Ye are unwilling to declare＂) in the Book of Odes, which denote falling ill due to depression and being unable to report to the emperor. This article, which analyzes the main purport of this collection, is divided into four parts. First, the article shows how Fang's sorrowful resentment increased after hearing that his father, Fang Kongzhao 方孔炤, was imprisoned for a defeat in war due to the stubbornness of the general Yang Sichang 楊嗣昌. Second, the article discusses Fang Yizhi's submission of a petition to the court in which he pleaded to take his father's place in prison. After seeking assistance in this matter, and waiting with great anguish, he looked forward to his father's eventual release. Third, the article investigates the poems Fang wrote for his friend, Jiang Gai 姜垓, where he described this period of hardship and how it caused his poetics to depart from his original ideal of returning to antiquity. Finally, the article discusses the political atmosphere in the early part of the seventeenth year of Chongzhen's reign. As a result of this atmosphere, Fang Yizhi's trauma regarding ＂home＂ broadened to encompass the ＂nation,＂ and amounted to a declaration that his poetics would continue to change in the future.