國際金融機構間環境社會標準之浮現與影響——從世界銀行保障政策到赤道原則

The Impact of Emerging Environmental and Social Standards among Global Financial Institutions: From World Bank Safeguard Policies to Equator Principles

面對衛生安全、生物多樣性、氣候變遷及永續發展等議題，金融機構應扮演何種角色成為值得深入探討之議題。從金融之功能面觀察，不難發現金融機構於全球永續發展之驅動上，扮演著鑰匙之角色，然而水得載舟亦得覆舟，若金融機構忽視考量環境社會因素，亦將限制永續發展之推動。國際主要金融機構間就環境社會標準之浮現，係過去三十多年國際法重要發展之一。透過金融正面功能之發揮，替永續發展之推動奠定穩固根基。故於金融機構間建立架構引導考量環境社會因素，促成處理環境社會問題之一致性，更顯得必要與急迫。目前國際主要金融機構機間，已相繼建立考量環境社會因素之機制。首先，係世界銀行環境社會保障政策與監察組之建立，類似機制亦陸續於區域發展銀行間展開。次之，主要國家雙邊信貸機構，相繼建構考量環境社會因素之機制。最後，重要里程碑則係赤道原則之採行，印證了環境社會標準之趨勢延伸至跨國私營金融機構間，值得我國重視。本文首先，闡述金融與永續發展推動間之關係。其次，介紹國際間主要金融機構考量環境社會因素機制之建立與發展。再其次，探討一系列考量環境社會機制於國際法發展上之特殊意義與影響，最後建議我國政府應引導金融機構建立機制回應此浮現中之環境社會標準。

In light of a global ecological crisis, the shift to the sustainable development requires the collective efforts of all participants in the global community. Therefore, the role of banking sectors is crucial. Contemporary civil society has long demanded that international financial institutions should be more accountable to the multistakeholder. Several multilateral development banks have started to incorporate environmental and social considerations into their operational policies and procedures. More importantly, some multilateral development banks have established accountability mechanisms for affected communities and individuals to address their concerns. These emerging standards have significant impacts on the development of international law. This research aims to present the emerging environmental and social standard at multilateral development banks and discuss its implications for Taiwan's banking reform.