政治情境與地方史書寫──以清代大同方志為例

Political Circumstances and Historical Writing in the Qing Dynasty: A Case Study of Datong Gazetteers

本文以清代歷次編纂的大同志書為例，探討不同時代的大同士人，如何形塑與書寫易代經驗。大同是明代的重要軍鎮，但於明清易代之時，並未為明盡忠抵抗流寇，滿清入關後立刻降清，歸順清朝後又發動兵變反清，但隨即失敗而受到清廷嚴密控管。戰後，官方推動編纂地方志，地方士人一方面依照官府意志編寫內容，另方面僅藉由整理文獻留下線索來保存官方不願多提的事實。時至乾隆朝，清廷下令檢查各種方志文字，過去地方士人留下的線索亦被銷毀，獨留官方認可的易代歷史。道光朝的士人重編志書時，即感史料稀少，因而尋找文字檢查下的漏網之魚，拼湊易代的事實。從不同時期的方志編纂中可看出，人們編纂地方史的意識以及運用編史回應他們政治情境的方法。

In this article, I discuss historical writing on the Ming-Qing transition from a local perspective, taking the gazetteers of Datong 大同 edited during the Qing period as an example. In 1644, the people of Datong surrendered to the new regime established by the Manchus. However, not long after their surrender, at the end of 1648, they rebelled. Unfortunately, their uprising was swiftly put down and they did not succeed in overturning the Qing government. After the uprising, the Qing conducted close political surveillance and intervened extensively in local affairs, even to the point where officials collected historical data and edited local history. Local elites, who were under surveillance and embarrassed by their past, could not write directly about what they had experienced. However, in 1652 they managed to leave behind some clues about what actually happened in an effort to circumvent the Qing's destruction of the historical record. As time went on, the Qing regime rigorously suppressed any signs of intransigence, and officials in Datong destroyed all data that reflected negatively on Qing rule, including some messages left behind in 1652. Rather than writing from a local perspective, officials instead created standardized accounts of the Ming-Qing transition. After this whitewashing of the historical record, local elites had no means of learning about the anti-war sentiment in Datong during the early Qing. When re-editing the 1830 Datong gazetteer, the compilers discovered that trustworthy historical data from the Ming Qing transition was scarce. They therefore decided to search through gazetteers from other districts in Shanxi in order to find concealed messages that expressed local points of view. The gazetteers of Datong, composed over different periods in the Qing, thus reveal not only how the people of the time engaged in historical writing; they also show how they responded to political circumstances.