孫中山先生社會互助思想

Dr. Yat-Sen Sun's Principle of Social Mutual Aid

自古以來人類社會即有階級之分，古有地主階級與農奴階級，近代則有資產階級與無產階級(勞工階級)，階級與階級之間有利害衝突，如資產階級希望工時長，勞工階級希望工時短，資產階級希望工資低，勞工階級希望工資高，資產階級希望貨價高，勞工階級希望貨價低，兩者利害不同，因此階級與階級之間不免有鬥爭，競爭乃人類社會普遍現象，不僅階級與階級間有競爭，國與國之間亦有競爭，人類社會固然有競爭現象，但更多的是互助現象，兩者相互依存，因生存需要互助，既競爭又互助，兩者相反相成，而互助高於競爭，蓋只有競爭而無互助，則人類社會終將不免於毀滅；階級與階級之間的利害關係是相反相成，人類社會如此，自然界亦是如此，「太極」「負陰面抱陽」《昜經》之陰陽「相對統一」思想，說明天地萬物均是「相反相成」、「相互依存」，與西洋之「正、反、合」辯證思想殊途同歸，互助與競爭同樣是促進人類社會進化的原動力，而以互助為主，競爭為輔。

There has been class discrimination in human society since ancient times. In old days, there were distinction between landlord class and serf class, while there are differentiation between capitalist class and proletariat class (labor class) in modem society as well. There is confrontation of interests between the two antagonistic groups. For instance, the capitalist class hopes man-hour is long, while labor class hopes that is short. The capitalist class hopes the salary is low, whereas labor class hopes that is high. The capitalist class wishes the commodity price is high, while labor class hopes that is low. The advantages and disadvantages between the two adverse classes are different so that fights against each other are inevitable. Generally speaking, competition is the widespread phenomenon of human society. Not only the classes vie with each other, but the countries also compete. Although competition in human society is unavoidable, the phenomenon that helps each other is more common. The both classes are interdependent. Living needs mutual aid and also induces competition. Both of them complement each other, and it follows that mutual aid dominates over competition. Were there no mutual aid together with competition, the human society would eventual been destroyed. The advantages and disadvantages between classes and classes are also complementing each other. The behavior of human society resembles that, so is nature. The thoughts of "Taiji", ''Negative Earth Upholds Positive Heaven and "Relative Unification of Earth and Heaven" quoted from "The Book of Changes" explain all creations on earth are complementing and interdependent on each other. These are the same as "Theses", "Antitheses", and "Synthesis" from "Dialectic" in western culture. Mutual aid and competition simultaneously promote the original momentum of the evolution in human society which relies mainly on helping each other in complement of competition.