以運輸多樣性觀點建構都市大眾運輸資源配置模式

A Resource Allocation Model for Urban Public Transit from the Transport Diversity Perspective

不同運輸權益關係人對運輸設施與服務有不同需求，如何同時滿足多元需求，需要根據供需益本權衡考量，則產生運輸多樣性課題。運輸多樣性係以落差分析（gap analysis）概念，藉由需求應該被達成的預期目標與現況的差異，利用熵（entropy）以評估各項權益關係人需求是否公平地被滿足，多樣性愈高顯示需求被滿足的水準愈公平。由於運輸多樣性為都市永續發展與生活品質的必要條件，提升運輸多樣性成為都市運輸系統規劃之主要目標。資源配置為改善多樣性方法之一，可協助規劃者決定在什麼時機投資哪一些運輸設施與服務。然而，由於影響都市大眾運輸系統績效之要素甚多，且要素間存在許多不確定、具回饋與複雜之關係，故改善系統之資源配置政策通常難以確切地進行設計、執行或量化。據此，本研究架構一結合系統動態學（system dynamics）、認知圖（cognitive maps）及成受性模式（sensitivity model）的綜合模擬模式以克服上述問題，並利用臺北都會區大眾運輸系統為實證分析，以驗證模式之可應用性，並說明資源配置策略之管理意涵。

Different transport stake holders have different needs for transport infrastructure and services. Meeting the stakeholder sheeds implies a trade-off of benefits and costs between supply and demand and creates issues of transport diversity. Transport diversity is defined as the level of satisfaction, measured as the gap between the expected goal and present values, of stakeholder needs in the form of Entropy. Maximizing transport diversity is critical to the equitable achievement of stakeholder needs. Resource allocation policies help planners decide when and how to invest transportation infrastructure and services. However, policies for improving transport diversity are difficult to design, implement, and quantify because of the uncertainty, feedback interaction, and complexity of urban public transit system relationships. This study proposes a hybrid model integrating system dynamics, cognitive maps, and sensitivity model to tackle the problems. The model application is illustrated through an empirical study of the urban public transit system in the Taipei Metropolitan Area to validate the simulation and to enhance the managerial implications of resource allocation strategies.