家庭主義的分歧？台灣民眾對兒童及老人照顧的福利態度分析

Divergent Familialism? Public Attitudes towards Childcare and Eldercare in Taiwan

家庭主義長久以來特徵化了東亞國家的福利發展，傳統上無論年幼子女或高齡老人的照顧多由家庭來承擔。然而東亞福利國家正在經歷轉型。由於高齡少子化的人口結構轉變，使得東亞國家逐漸擴張照顧服務政策，以協助家庭平衡其工作與家庭照顧責任。福利供給責任因此從原來僅由家庭來承擔的圖像，逐漸轉移到國家、非營利組織、家庭與市場，而有福利多元主義現象的產生。但福利國家的服務轉變仍需建立在社會大眾的民意基礎上。本文以台灣為案例，探討傳統家庭承擔照顧責任的情況目前是否因為照顧對象是兒童和老人而有所不同，分析台灣民眾如何思考兒童照顧服務與老人照顧服務應該由誰來提供，藉此補足過去東亞福利國家與福利態度研究上的缺口。本研究以2012年台灣社會變遷基本調查分析與比較台灣民眾在老人照顧與兒童照顧服務提供上的態度。本研究結果發現兒童照顧是建立在社會連帶的基礎上；但是，老人照顧服務方面卻是呈現自利為主的圖像。因此，雖然台灣民眾對於兒童照顧與老人照顧服務的供給依然是鑲嵌於家庭主義的基礎上，但是卻在不同的照顧服務領域中呈現了家庭主義的分歧。

Familialism is/was deeply embedded in East Asian welfare states. However, East Asian welfare states are transforming. On the one hand, family policies are expanding to help people reach a work-life balance due to socio-demographic transformations. On the other hand, the responsibility of welfare provision has been gradually shifted to non-state sectors; therefore, the idea of welfare pluralism is emerging. However, the transformation of the welfare state needs to be underpinned on the micro-foundation of the demand side, which is public opinion. Thus, this study will examine public attitudes towards childcare and eldercare services in Taiwan by analyzing the 2012 Taiwanese Social Change Survey. While our multi-nominal logistic regression models show that childcare is based on intergenerational solidarity, self-interest is more important in explaining attitudes towards eldercare policy. We conclude that despite familialism remaining significant in explaining public attitudes towards childcare and eldercare in Taiwan, divergent familialism can be found in different social policy areas in Taiwan.