在地經濟發展的社會企業模式探析：以澎湖為例

An Analysis of the Social Enterprise Model of Local Economic Development: the Case of Penghu

Gibson-Graham（2006）曾以冰山形容當前的經濟樣態，露出水面是資本主義習以為常的發展元素，包括營利企業、勞動薪資、產銷市場等，但是許多具有價值的經濟活動形式並未被正視與納入資本主義體系，使其成為「市場邊緣」的課題，或根本被主流市場排除。這類被體系排除的經濟活動規模不大，且具有深厚的在地屬性，其運作即便不會創造太多「產值」，卻可藉由社會資源的移轉和建構，為地方帶來活力與幸福，此即「多樣經濟」（diverse economies）概念。近年來，社會企業扮演實踐多樣經濟與社區經濟的要角。本文以離島澎湖為考察範疇，首先檢視多樣經濟、社區發展、社會企業、授粉企業等概念，形塑五個面向的觀察框架，包括鏈結市場與非市場模式、建構網路與形成社群、社會價值與理念實踐、社區合作與在地經濟促進、澎湖在地屬性及其限制等，據以分析鹹鹹市集、海漂實驗室、沿著菊島旅行、海底漫步等四個在地個案。研究發現，四個個案因其規模與能力不同，對於在地經濟的促進程度不一，但是透過個人或組織的努力，均能將社區內互不相聯的各種經濟成分轉變成為利益合作共同體，建立共利、互助的地方發展新型態。而澎湖相較於其他縣市更為強烈的在地性格，諸如排他性、無法接受以商業獲利模式解決社會問題、高密度無差別的市場競爭等，都會限縮社會企業的開展空間。不過，個案組織透過爭取外部市場的支持與認同，以及於內部市場建立產業協力網絡的作法，兩種發展策略均具有調降文化阻力的功能。

This article examines the concepts of diverse economies, community development, social enterprises, and pollinators, and then shapes the observation framework to explore four local cases in Penghu, including the Salty Creative Bazaar, O2 Lab, PHsea, and Sea Walk. By analyzing why these cases and how to promote local economic development through the concept of social enterprise, in order to understand the opportunities and limitations they encounter. Through in-depth interviews and analysis, this study found that the four cases have different degrees of promotion to the local economy due to their different scales and abilities. However, through the efforts of individuals or organizations, various economic components in the community can be transformed into a community of interests, which helps to establish a new type of local development that is mutually beneficial. Compared with other cities, Penghu has a stronger local character, such as exclusivity and difficulty in accepting commercial profit-making methods to solve social problems, which will limit the development space of social enterprises. Nonetheless, these case organizations can reduce cultural resistance by gaining support and recognition from the external market and establishing a collaborative network in the internal market.