運用志願服務建構長者復原力：生產老化觀點

Constructing Resilience of the Elderly through Agreement Volunteering: A Productive Aging Perspective

「如何養老」是社會建構的產物。當前老年社會工作服務主要以活動理論為基礎、成功老化為目標，大多是辦理休閒學習活動。然而，當前人口平均餘命和健康平均餘命持續增加，此種消極照顧的養老政策已不足以回應社會需求。社會工作應將長者視為有能力持續貢獻社會之生產者，透過利社會參與的志願服務建構長者復原力，使老年生活朝向生產老化之積極目標。本文首先分析傳統與現代社會華人長者老年生活理想圖像之內涵與社會基礎，以及不同生活型態長者之潛在生活逆境與風險因子。其次整理老年社會工作實務理論之遞嬗，以及長者復原力之關鍵保護因子，以及志願服務產生的多重保護效應。最後歸納長者志願服務、復原力與生產老化之關係，並提出應在社區中推動長者協議性志願服務及其規劃之實務原則。

The ideal aging life style involves social construction. Elderly social work services are mostly leisure learning activities, based on Activity Theory and a successful aging approach. However, with the increasing population and life expectancy of the elderly, policy for aging care is no longer sufficient to meet their social needs. The elderly should be regarded as capable contributors to resilience building and productive aging through prosocial social involvement. This article first analyzes the traditional and modern ideal lifestyles of the elderly in Taiwan, and the hidden adversity and risk factors in the former. Second, it explores the changes of elderly social work practice theory, the key protective factors for resilience of the elderly, and the multiple protective effects of voluntary services. Engaging in volunteering not only improves productive aging lives, but also contributes to constructing resilience protective factors in the elderly. Finally, the article proposes the relationship among elderly volunteer services, resilience and productive aging, and further discusses the principles of planning elderly volunteer services, which must comprehensively consider several practical factors, such as place of residence, family cycle, physical and mental conditions, personal life goals, expertise or skills, and community culture and so on. In other words, the agreement volunteering as a major method for the elderly bond with local community conditions, and multiple protective effectiveness could be constructed. A preliminary conceptual model and practical principles are proposed as a reference framework for contemporary social work services for the elderly.