臺灣高等教育擴張政策實施對大學及以上學歷與過度教育工作者薪資之影響

HIGHER EDUCATION EXPANSION POLICY IN TAIWAN: EFFECTS ON THE WAGES OF UNIVERSITY OR HIGHER AND THE OVEREDUCATED

科技進步與國際貿易發達，對於高等技術人才的迫切需求，誘發勞工過度投資教育，嚴重負面影響高等教育學歷工作者的薪資。近年以高等教育擴張政策實施對於高學歷工作者薪資變動之影響雖有著墨，但並不多。臺灣高等教育擴張政策影響到人力資本累積的深度和廣度，雖大幅提升勞工教育程度，教育與職業不相稱的現象也隨之惡化。政策實施造成大學錄取率逐年攀升與大學院校數快速增加，形成勞動市場中高學歷工作者供給面的衝擊，大學及以上學歷工作者薪資下降。本研究的主要目的是，檢定高等教育擴張政策實施是否會顯著惡化大學及以上高等教育工作者之薪資溢酬，改變職業和教育不相稱的分配並影響過度教育工作者的相對報酬。模型估計初步以Heckman兩階段估計法融入Difference-in-Differences（DID）迴歸估計，進一步以ORU模型和Verdugo and Verdugo（V-V）模型合併DID法進行政策評估，以便於分析比較之用。研究結果呈現，在其他情況不變下，高教擴張政策實施，大學品質下降，大量增加高等教育工作者的供給並壓縮薪資，顯著惡化過度教育者的薪資溢酬，惡化程度在控制行業變數後更為嚴重。大學及以上學歷工作者薪資並沒有因為高等教育擴張政策實施而提升，反而是生產力的相對下降，造成與高中、專科教育程度工作者的薪資差距縮小。

In this study, we document consequences of the Higher Education Expansive Policy (HEEP) implemented in 1994 in Taiwan and evaluate the wage impact of HEEP on university or higher and the overeducated workers as compared to their corresponding education counterparts. Employing Taiwan’s Manpower Utilization Survey data from 1999 to 2008, we test two hypotheses. The first one is to investigate whether the wage premium of workers with a degree of university or higher relative to that of non-university graduates decreased after the implementation of HEEP. The second hypotheses that we examine is whether there was a significant deterioration in wage differential between overeducated workers and their adequately educated counterparts after the HEEP was implemented. Using Heckman’s two-stage estimation model as the baseline model, combining the difference-in-differences strategy with the ORU model and Verdugo-Verdugo model setup, we find evidence that Taiwan’s Higher Education Expansion Policy has sharply and significantly deteriorated the wages of graduates of university or higher and overeducated workers in Taiwan’s labor market.