清順治至乾隆朝多爾袞形象的轉變

The Change of Dorgon’s Image from Shunzhi to Qianlong in Qing Dynasty

多爾袞為滿清入關之際的關鍵人物，曾在清軍入關前夕與吳三桂斡旋，迫使後者臣服大清。不久，憑藉自身軍功才能，在皇太極逝世後，躋身順治帝的輔政大臣之一。日後更逐一清除政敵，成為當時順治朝中實際掌政者。多爾袞於順治七年（1650）驟逝後，順治帝起初仍以厚禮下葬之，不久卻命人清算多爾袞，並在史書中羅列其數十條罪狀，使之成為滿清歷史的一代罪人。令人不解的是，一百多年後乾隆帝卻背棄祖宗家法轉而為多爾袞平反，不僅強調其「忠義」形象，更將之納入大清鐵帽子王世襲行列，多爾袞由「逆臣」轉為「開國功臣」的形象自此定調。目前學界在多爾袞研究上仍著重孝莊文皇后與其之間的佚事考實或個人所創功業。在多爾袞形象轉換的問題上則點到為止，未多有著墨。近年來，新清史研究興起，提倡以北亞遊牧民族的眼光研究清史，筆者將借助其方法以及中西方相關理論，探討何以多爾袞的形象會歷經多次更迭，亦期望透過此研究，讓學界在多爾袞的研究上更趨完善。

Dorgon played an important role in Manchu Army invading the Shanhaiguan Pass. In the eve of Army intruding, he mediated with Wu Sangui to prompt Wu to surrender to the Qing. With his talent of the military, after the death of Huang Taiji, Dorgon had become one of the major ministers of Emperor Shunzhi subsequently. Hereafter, he eliminated political enemies one by one and turned into be the de facto leader of the Shunzhi Dynasty at that time. In 1650, Emperor Shunzhi has liquidated Dorgon and enumerated dozens of his crimes, written him as ＂The sinner＂ in the history of the Qing Dynasty. However, more than a hundred years later, Emperor Qianlong remitted the conviction of ancestor on Dorgon to rehabilitate him, which left a mystery. Qianlong not only emphasized his ＂loyalty＂ figure but also listed Dorgon as the hereditary of the Qing Iron Hat King. The image of ＂treacherous court official＂ turn into a ＂founding hero＂ ever since. At present, the academic circle still focuses on the researches on Dorgon's anecdote between Empress Xiaozhuangwen and his achievements. There are few discussed the image conversion of Dorgon. This article wants to explore how the changes of Dorgon's image appeared and provide another perspective to completed in Dorgon's research.