明代四書學撰作形態的發展與轉折

The Development and Transition of the Writing about the Four Books in Ming Dynasty

朱熹以四書建構儒學體系，明代則是四書具體實踐時代，不同階層，不同立場，不同角度，從政教而及士人，由士人而及庶民，從實踐到反思，從反思到創發，共同進行四書義理的思考，以明代四書著作數量統計，以及善本蒐輯的觀察，趨勢所在，可以分出三個發展階段：初太祖、惠帝、成祖、仁宗、宣宗、英宗、景帝，援朱學為政化基礎，為治統政教時期；憲宗、孝宗、武宗、世宗、穆宗凸顯個人經典詮釋的見解，為義理辨析時期；神宗、光宗、熹宗、思宗心學、理學彼此激辯，為多元開展時期。儒學浸潤影響，不同階段有不同訴求，朱學於帝制、士紳、庶民之間擴散發展，帝王援以纘承道統，肆行政教合一的訴求；士人援以為立身處世之思考；浸而及於士庶之間，書坊援以取利祿，學者用以取功名，各逞意見，各立宗旨，心學、理學的分化，更觸發多元競起的詮釋，四書為明儒學術核心，濡染影響由此可見。

Zhu Xi constructed the system of Confucianism basing on the Four Books. As for Ming dynasty, people of different levels practiced the philosophy in the Four Books from different stands. Rulers, officials, and common people all practiced and rethought the ordinance of the Four Books. After pondering, they even put forward new theories. According to the quantity and content of their writings about Four Books, there are three phases of the development in Ming. First, the period of imperial education: rulers quoted Zhu's curriculum as the basis of education in Ming Taizu, Huidi, Chengzu, Renzong, Xuanzong, Yingzong, and Jingdi. Second, the period of analyzing the ordinance: scholars emphasized personal interpretations of the classics in Ming Xianzong, Xiaozong, Wuzong, Shizong, and Muzong. Third, the period of diverse advancement: people argued about Philosophy of Mind (xinxue) and Philosophy of Principle (lixue) with each other in Ming Shenzong, Guangzong, Xizong, and Sizong. It reveals that Confucianism gave different people different influences and Zhu's curriculum were spread and developed by rulers, officials, as well as common people. The emperors quoted the Four Books to succeeded to “Succession to the Way (daotong)” in order to fuse academia with politics. The officials quoted it to think of the best way of living in the world. The bookshops used it to acquire wealth while scholars used it to achieve honor by expressing their opinions. Moreover, the division between Philosophy of Mind and Philosophy of Principle agitated people to give more interpretation of the Four Books. To be sure, the Four Books was the academic core of Confucianism in Ming and had great influence on people.