從蟒甲到社船：1650年代至1750年代臺灣北迴沿海航路的商業活動

From Bangka Canoe to Shechuan Junk: Commercial Activities along Northeastern Coastal Route (1650s-1750s)

北臺灣原住民馬賽人（Basay）是擅長貿易以及與外來者合作的族群。近二十年的臺灣早期史研究中，研究者也討論過其商業性格和作為中間人的角色。雖然荷蘭史料清楚說明馬賽人的商業性格，但隨後的漢文史料卻集中於漢人通事、頭家，使臺灣北部的歷史在從荷蘭統治結束到清朝統治初期之間，有個明顯的斷裂。本文從1657年荷蘭官員前往噶瑪蘭巡視，並深入哆囉滿探金的旅程開始，揭示出早期馬賽人蟒甲控制臺灣東北海岸貿易的實況。馬賽人在此的貿易壟斷延續到十八世紀初，但漢人也持續滲透此處的貿易。至少到了1710年代，已經有漢人和原住民一起到東北臺灣貿易。本文也指出鄭氏遺民和何姓商人與墾戶之間可能的歷史連續性，並發掘出墾戶「何長興」在北臺灣活動的早期歷史。馬賽人與漢人通事的合作催生了興盛於十七世紀中葉的社船制度。社船的成立雖然以輸出臺灣北部的稻米為主，但它從中國帶回的日常用品，特別是鐵器，以及和原住民合作經營的東北海岸貿易路線，都可說明漢人逐漸滲透進臺灣東北海岸的商業運作。社船於1754年停止運作，但貿易仍在官方網羅之外繼續進行，此一連續性關係到十八世紀末漢人進佔噶瑪蘭開墾的歷史，值得繼續深究。

The Basay, ethnic aboriginals of northern Taiwan are good at trading and cooperating with foreigners. Studies of early Taiwan history in the last two decades have examined their enterprising character and their role as business intermediaries, as evidenced in Dutch historical materials. However, there is a lacuna in existing research on the history of northern Taiwan: the period between Dutch colonization of Taiwan and early Qing rule, roughly equivalent to the mid-seventeenth to early eighteenth century. This study attempts to fill this gap by examining the records of a Dutch official' s visit to Cavalangh (or more commonly“Kavalan”, today' s Yilan) and Terraboang Gold River (in today' s northern Hualien) in 1657. These records reveal that the Basay controlled trade along the northeastern coast of Taiwan and remained the dominant business power in the area until the early eighteenth century despite of persistent penetration of the Hans. As early as the 1710s, there was trade cooperation in northeastern Taiwan between the Hans and the aborigines, most likely the Basay. This study also explores the relations between Ming loyalists and the Ho family, who might have been active in land reclamation in northern Taiwan from the late Cheng regime to early Qing rule. The Basay-Han cooperation led to the introduction of Shechuan, a group of officially registered Chinese junks, for trading merchandise between China and Taiwan along the northeastern coast of Taiwan. The Shechuan signified a technology upgrade from indigenous canoes to Chinese junks for higher efficiency and larger capacity of shipping and trade. The Shechuan brought to China rice exported from northern Taiwan and carried back imported clothes, ironware, tobacco, and daily goods. Such trade evidenced the gradual infiltration of Chinese merchants in business of northeastern Taiwan. In 1754, when the Governor-General of Fujian and Zhejiang suspended the Shechuan to increase the reserve of rice in Taiwan, trade nevertheless continued outside government control. Such clandestine trade contributed to the Han penetration into Cavalangh in the late eighteenth century and merits further investigation.