元答己太后政治集團與仁英二朝政局

A Study on the Political Group of Empress Dowager Taki in the Reigns of Ren-zong and Ying-zong

答己從皇子妃到皇太后，再被奉為太皇太后，備極尊榮，然盛極而衰，以致飲恨成疾而崩逝。她及其政治集團的榮枯，對於元中期政局，特別是在仁、英二朝，有著重大的影響。這是過往學者尚未深論，而為本文論述的重點所在。本文首先揭明在武宗崩逝到仁宗即位期間，答己太后曾經代理皇帝的政治角色。這不只是一種漢地太后的「稱制」，也是作為蒙古選汗大會召集人應有的權力。其次，闡釋答己太后權勢在仁宗朝達到頂峰的原因，在於皇帝意欲改變叔侄相繼的約定，必須爭取太后的支持，加上孝順天性與強調儒家君臣名分，使得太后獲取更大的權力運作空間。復次，逐一分析答己太后集團的核心人物，確認徽政院使馮失烈門的漢人宦官身分，並舉例說明太后集團的運作機制。再次，受到蒙古傳統的影響或制約，元朝太后無法獲得外戚與宦官的有力協助，而徽政院作為太后位下特設官署，成為足以倚恃的重要力量，院使的政治表現亦極為活躍。本文輯考仁宗朝的六名院使，指出漢人宦官充任院使的意義，以及必須另外取得權相合作的限制。最後聚焦於英宗朝初年的一場政爭。這是導致答己太后集團垮臺的關鍵事件，存在諸多疑點，需要釐清。此一事件之後，太后失勢，其位下徽政院也成為清理的主要目標。

Taki (?-1322), mother of the Yuan emperors Wu-zong (r. 1307-1311) and Ren-zong (r. 1311-1320), played an important role in mid-Yuan politics, but her role hasn’t been discussed in depth by scholars. First of all, this paper reveals that during emperor Wuzong’s death and emperor Renzong’s accession to the throne, empress dowager Taki played the emperor’s political role. This was not only a kind of “govern the nation as regent” by the empress dowager of Han, she had the right to organize the Mongolian election conference. The paper then explains the reason why the power of the empress dowager Taki peaked during the rule of emperor Renzong. By analyzing the key figures of the empress dowager’s group, I confirm that Šilemün/Širemün Feng, a director of the Hui-cheng yuan, was a Han Chinese eunuch, and give an example of how the group worked. Furthermore, under the influence or restriction of Mongolian tradition, the empress dowagers of the Yuan dynasty could not obtain the effective assistance of the consort clans and eunuchs as in the Chinese dynasties. The Empress Dowager’s Bureau, Hui-cheng yuan, became a considerable force to be relied upon, especially its directors. I investigate the six directors during the reign of emperor Renzong, and point out the significance of Han Chinese eunuchs as directors. This made it necessary to gain the cooperation of the powerful ministers. Finally, I focus on a political struggle in the early years of the reign of emperor Ying-zong (r. 1320-1323). This was the crucial event leading to the collapse of the empress dowager’s group, regarding which there are many doubts waiting to be clarified. After this event, the empress dowager fell from power until her death; her bureau, the Hui-cheng yuan, also became a main goal of the purge.