論《歐洲人權公約》的仲裁適用

《歐洲人權公約》第6條第1款所記載的公正審判權對仲裁有著最為重要的影響。歐洲人權法院的判例法將仲裁庭視為公約第6條第1款規定的審判機構，該條所保障的權利可以全部或部分地因仲裁的特性被放棄，但需區分自願仲裁和強制仲裁。為履行公約義務，締約國必須對仲裁實施有效監督，由此也導致部分締約國在國際仲裁中允許當事人放棄撤銷權和執行已撤銷裁決的做法與其所承擔的公約義務發生了衝突。前種做法已為人權法院所認可，後者在理論上也可以得到解決。通過進一步分析和總結1955—2020年間公約審判機構處理的所有仲裁案件，可以更加清晰地看到仲裁案件中公約適用的整體情況。歐洲人權保護機制對仲裁中的人權保護具有特殊及重要的價值。我國當事人參與國際仲裁，也要注意仲裁的人權維度，可以積極利用人權國際保護機制維護個人及國家利益。

The fundamental right to ''fair trial'' enshrined in Article 6(1)of the European Human Rights Convention(ECHR)have an important role to play in the resolution of a multitude of complex issues in international arbitration. In the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights(ECtHR), an arbitral tribunal has been considered as a ''tribunal'' within the meaning of Article 6(1); with the possibility of a partial or full wavier, depending on whether the arbitration in question is compulsory or voluntary. To ensure that their ECHR obligations are complied with, members must retain scrutiny over arbitration matters. In international arbitration, it is possible for parties to waive(in advance)their right to apply to set aside an arbitral award. It is also possible for parties to enforce an award that has already been set aside by the curial court. These practices are potentially in conflict with ECHR. In fact, the former practice has been recently recognized and affirmed by the ECtHR; while the latter can be justified by and on proper theoretical bases. This article suggests that a survey of all cases before the ECtHR between1955 and 2020 on arbitration matters reveals, empirically, the true scope of ECHR’s application in these matters. It is important to appreciate that the human rights protections mechanism under ECHR has significant bearing on human right protections in the context of arbitration. Chinese parties to international arbitration(particularly those where ECHR is relevant)should have regard to its human right dimension so that they can properly utilize those human rights protections mechanism to protect their interests.