地下空間物權類型的再體系化

土地空間根據建築結構、設施用途與開發利用深度等標準有不同分類方式。土地空間開發利用的權利類型，依據有償或無償、法定或約定、權利行使為獨佔或非獨占三組影響因素，組合排列出有償出讓的空間建設用地使用權、無償劃撥的空間建設用地使用權、約定有償的空間役權、法定有償的公共役權以及法定無償的空間相鄰關係，體現了利用人對於土地空間的不同需求，各種權利類型之間只存在強弱程度的差別。在公共軌道交通、礦業用地、地下油氣管網、電網工程以及城市地下綜合管廊等土地空間的開發實踐中，需綜合運用上述各種私法工具。在“卡-梅框架”視角下，建設用地使用權、地役權與相鄰關係的保護模式為財產規則，公共役權保護模式為責任規則，分別實現最優效率或集體分配決策等規範目的，體現了國家權力的不同介入程度。

Land space will be classified differently depending on the standard of architectural structure, facility function and depth of development and utilization. According to whether it’s paid or not, pursuant to law or subjective to the agreement, exclusive or nonexclusive when exercising the right, the right to develop and utilize the land space can be listed as follows, space right to use construction land which is sold, space right to use construction land that is allocated, easements of space which should be paid by agreement, public easements supposed to be paid pursuant to law, adjacent relations for free by law. The varieties of the rights among which there only exists the distinction of the intensity degree reflect the different needs of the users as for the land space. In the land development practice of public rail transport, land use for mining industry, underground oil gas network, power grid project and underground pipeline colligate alure in cities, the mentioned private law tools should be made use of comprehensively. Under the ''C&M Framework'', protection models of the right to use construction land, easements and the adjacent relations are consistent with property rules, while public easements are defined as liability rules. The respective model achieves the normative purpose of optimal efficiency or distributional decisions, thus reflecting the intervention degree of the state power.