什麼是“違憲”

推進合憲性審查工作，需要認真對待中國語境下的“違憲”概念。在起草“八二憲法”時，彭真等人比較重視反思“違憲”的教訓。從實踐來看，全國人大及其常委會認定的違憲現象分為國家機關及公職人員具體行為違憲、規範性檔違憲、政治與意識形態層面的違憲三類。但一些理論上的憲法爭議，在實踐中則不被認為是違憲。經驗研究表明：我國的合憲性審查對“違憲”概念的依賴度很低，但實踐中“違憲”這一概念的存在對於預防公權力違憲、提高公權力行為和立法的合憲性水準、應對重大政治危機都具有重要價值。我們應該客觀認識“違憲”這一概念的規範性與政治性，促進實踐與理論研究的良性互動。

It is necessary to take the concept of ''unconstitutionality'' in Chinese context seriously in order to advance constitutional review. Peng Zhen and other drafters have paid special attention to this concept in the process of making the constitution of 1982. Based on the practice of the NPC and NPCSC, the decisions of unconstitutionality appear when state organs and state employees, as well as regulations violate the constitution directly. Betraying the political standpoint of the constitution may be regarded as unconstitutionality, too. However, some theoretical constitutional disputes are not considered unconstitutional in practice. The empirical research implies that the concept of ''unconstitutionality'' has little direct influence on Chinese constitutional review. But it will be very helpful to control public powers, strengthen the constitutionality of legislations and cope with severe political crisis if we use this concept in a proper way. An objective understanding of the normativity and political nature of ''unconstitutionality'' leads to a positive interaction between practice and theoretical research.