在分享和控制之間──數據保護的私法局限和公共秩序構建

目前法學界在資料問題的研究上，存在著對傳統法律理論（尤其是私法）予以機械適用的路徑依賴現象，而缺乏對於“資料”這一新型法律物件在理論和立法模式構建上的有效創新。現有理論傾向於在私法上通過賦予個人或企業某種“資料權利”來建立資料歸屬和利用秩序，這種理論嘗試遇到了私法理論局限的制約和資料應用實踐的挑戰。資料作為天然的公共品服從固有的互惠分享的原理，在此基礎上資料法理論應實現思維模式上的轉換，即實現從基於稀缺的法律到基於充裕的法律、從私益保護面向到公益保護面向和從資料控制的強化到資料控制的謙抑的觀念轉變，由此在確立“分享”作為資料法基本價值取向的理論前提下，探討資料受局部控制的正當理由，以此涵攝現有的各種資料控制理論學說，並消除現有理論上各種“權利”之間的衝突。通過“分享－控制”一體化理論結構，在立法上可以完善相關制度以釋放分享的潛力，並在嚴格確定資料控制理由的基礎上構建公法上系統的資料公共秩序。

At present, the legal research on data protection has a path dependence phenomenon. Traditional legal theory(especially private law)is applied mechanically, but the effective innovation in theoretical analysis models and legislative construction of data, a new legal object, is lacking. Current theories tend to establish order of data attribution and utilization by giving individuals or businesses ''data rights'' in private law. These attempts encountered constraints of private law theory’s limitations and data application practice’s challenges. Data is a natural pure public good which should be subject to the inherent principle of reciprocal sharing. On the basis of this principle, the theory of data law should realize paradigm shifts, from the concept of scarce-based law to the abundance-based law, from the protection of private interests to the protection of public welfare, and from the strengthening of data control to the modestly restriction of data control. Under the premise of establishing ''sharing'' as the basic value orientation of data law, the system of reasons for the partial control of data should be established to capture existing theories of data control and to eliminate conflicts between various ''rights'' in current theories. Through the ''share-and-control'' integrated theoretical structure, the relevant legislation can be improved to release the potential of sharing, and the data public order of public law can be constructed on the basis of narrowing the grounds for data control.