共犯正犯化背景下的從屬性困境及理論應對

共犯正犯化和共犯從屬性未必存在衝突。通過考察日本刑法學界關於共犯正犯化的爭議可知，共犯正犯化與共犯從屬性之間的關聯性有探討的空間。從正犯類型的多元性以及共犯正犯化的立法形式多樣性可知，共犯正犯化存在類型化的可能。具體而言，應在兩個層級上劃分共犯正犯化的類型。在第一個層級中，共犯正犯化劃分為真正的正犯化和不真正的正犯化。前者是指法律將本應屬於共犯的行為規定為正犯的情形。後者是指法律規定的某行為表面上看似共犯，而實際上屬於正犯的情形。在第二個層級中，真正的正犯化劃分為完整的正犯化和不完整的正犯化。完整的正犯化以可罰的抽象危險性為基礎，不受限制從屬性的束縛；而不完整的正犯化仍要受到限制從屬性的約束。

The theory of accessorial accomplice is severely challenged when the legislation begins to treat the accomplice as the principal offense. However, this may not be correct. In light of the Japanese theories, there is a subtle connection between the accessorial accomplice theory and the extensive principal legislation. Meanwhile, considering the diversity of principal offences and extensive principal legislation, the transformed principal can be divided into different types at two levels. At the first level, transformed principal can be divided into actual transformed principal and non-actual transformed principal. In the former, accomplice is ruled as principal. In the latter, the constitutive elements are equal to the primary principal. At the second level, actual transformed principal can be divided into completely transformed principal and incompletely transformed principal. Among the types, incompletely transformed principal should be judged according to the theory of restricting accessorial accomplice.