企業侵權責任的歸責原則

企業侵權責任是現代組織型社會中的重要責任類型，然而傳統歸責原則適用於該責任時卻存在局限性。其中主觀過錯歸責自無適用餘地，而組織過錯理論和危險歸責本質上都依從於風險控制標準。企業之屬性、能力及其責任產生機制表明以風險對企業歸責有其必要性和可行性。依風險雙邊防範之需求，企業風險歸責具有雙邊性，即需考量企業對於風險產生、持續的控制力和第三人對風險觸發、維持的控制力。具體判斷由法官依企業風險類型作個案裁決。在訴訟程式中，風險歸責的判斷一般採推定方式，亦可運用表見證明規則，但允許舉反證反駁。在規範表達上，理想的方式是在未來民法典侵權責任編中以一般條款形式規定企業風險歸責，權宜之計是引入風險要素對現行法進行解釋適用。

Enterprise liability in tort is an important type of liability in modern society. However, the traditional imputation principle has limitations when applied to enterprise liability. Imputation by subjective fault is doubtlessly not suitable for enterprise liability, and imputation by organization fault as well as by dangersentially follows the risk criteria. The nature, ability and liability mechanism of the enterprise make it necessary and feasible to take risk as an element of liability for enterprise. In accordance with the needs of bilateral risk prevention, risks imputation for enterprise should be based on the comparison of the risk control capability between two parties. The factors of judgment criterion include enterprise’s control over the emergence and continuation of risk as well as third party’s control over triggering and maintenance of risk. Judges need to make individual decisions in combination with the types of enterprise risks in specific cases. In the proceedings, the risks imputation of enterprise is generally a presumption. In particular situations, the prima facie proof rule can also be applied but the enterprise should be allowed to make rebuttals. In the aspect of normative expression, the ideal way is to stipulate general terms of enterprise risk imputation in the future ''Tort Liability part of Civil Code'', while the immediate response is to bring the factor of risk in the interpretation of the existing law.