影子工資與農家勞動供給

Shadow Wages and Farm Family

本研究是假設家工及僱工為不完全替代，以及場外就業市場為不完全競爭的情況下，不可分離（non-separability）的家庭農場生產與消費決策模型，將影子工資（shadow wage）而非市場工資做為影響勞動供給之重要因子以進行研究。研究結果顯示，在5%顯著水準下，棄卻影子工資與市場工資一致性的虛無假設，此間接証實在台灣勞動市場並非完全競爭，須以影子工資代替市場工資來進行推估。勞動供給函數之推估結果顯示，男性與女性的自身影子工資估計值皆為正值且顯著，表示男性與女性的勞動供給曲線都在正斜率階段。影子工資的交叉效果為負值且顯著，表示女性（男性）工資的提高會降低男性（女性）的勞動供給。男性教育程度之估計值為正，表示教育程度增加會增加農家男性總勞動供給，但女性為負但不顯著。年齡對男性與女性呈現倒U型的勞動供給型態。孩童數與老人數均會影響勞動供給。經營型態的不同亦會影響農家勞動供給。

Due to the family and hired labor are not perfectly substitutable in farm production and there are no perfectly competitive markets for off-farm employment, this paper uses a non-separability model by taking the "shadow wage," rather than the market wage to determine the farm labor supply choices in agricultural households.The empirical results show that the shadow wage is not equal to the market wage in farm labor market, which indicated that there is no perfectly competitive labor market in the farm sector. Under this result, shadow wage, not market wage, to be considered as an important variable for measuring the farm labor supply.The results of the estimation of the family labor supply functions show that the variables of own-wage and education level in male are the positive effect, the variables of cross-shadow wages and education level in female are the negative effect. The number of child and the old member in the farm family, and the type of farm will also affect the farm family labor supply significantly