非政府組織跨國倡議運動：1997-98年反多邊投資協定運動之研究

NGO Transnational Advocacy Campaign: The Case Study of Anti-MAI Campaign during 1997-1998

在新自由經濟全球化的意識型態下，隨降低貿易障礙而來的是尋求解除外國直接投資的障礙，最終更挑戰到國家自主權。由於跨國公司的遊說及美國的推動，自1995年起OECD開始進行多邊投資協定的談判，協定內容在追求投資自由化，並未相對規範企業社會責任。草案一公布隨即被反對者冠上「公司治國條約」之名，以及國際經濟決策缺乏民主參與機制之批評，全球各地非政府組織串聯進行反對運動。隨著談判的拖延，非政府組織倡議取得優勢，這要歸功於非政府組織對幾個關鍵OECD會員國密集的遊說奏效，而且也要拜網際網路之賜，增進非政府組織跨國集體行動的力量。本文將採用Margaret E.Keck與Kathryn Sikkink的倡議網絡概念，分析非政府組織反多邊投資協定運動如何形成、如何運作及其有效條件。

With the removal of barriers to foreign direct investment (FDI) which follows the lowering of barriers to trade, the neo-liberal globalization has ultimately challenged state sovereignty. Under the push of the United States as well as the pressure of multinational capital, since 1995 the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) began to initiate negotiation of multilateral agreement on investment (MAI) which would have high standards of liberalization with scarcely a mention of the social responsibility of corporations. In the language of the opponents, this is not an investment agreement, but a corporate rule agreement. As the negotiation dragged on, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), opposed to the MAI, gained ground. This occurred largely as a result of intensive NGO lobbying of several OECD member states. Also, the Internet greatly facilitated activities of NGO activists. This article examines how the anti-MAI campaign emerged, worked, and had influence, seeking to apply Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink's advocacy network theory to this case study.