全球金融海嘯後東南亞製造業生產網絡之轉變與升級

The Transformation of Production Networks of Manufacturing in Southeast Asia after 2008 Global Financial Crisis

近年來國內產官學界極重視台灣產業的「新南向」發展。然而東協各國有其獨特歷史發展與政經情況背景，因此熟悉東協各國，成為我國新南向政策施行的重要第一步。在此背景下，本文探索2008年全球金融海嘯後東南亞製造業生產網路的轉變，尤其是越南、泰國以及柬埔寨三國的發展狀況。金融危機後，東協各國為了爭取更多的外貿機會，在區域貿易整合上更為積極。此外，中國在金融海嘯後的一連串景氣刺激政策，促進中國國內工資的上揚，加速勞動密集產業的海外轉移。在外資企業持續投資製造業的情況下，越南的經濟成長率持續攀升，並且在金融海嘯後，出口總額中，電子產業已經超越紡織業，顯示出口部門的產業結構轉變。而泰國則是與中國一樣，面對工資高於其他東南亞國家的困境，為此泰國政府除了推動產業聚落升級計畫外，並且在邊境設立新工業區，吸收廉價的外國勞動力來本國工作。柬埔寨受惠於先進國家對其的貿易優惠政策，對於勞動密集產業的外資，有相當的吸引力。

The Industry and Government has been working very hard to implement several new initiatives in order to revitalize Taiwan's economy. One of these initiatives is the New Southbound Policy (NSP), targeting Southeast and Australia and New Zealand as potential strategic partners for regional social and economic cooperation. For further understanding of South Asian countries, this paper explores the transformation of production networks of manufacturing in Southeast Asia, especially in Vietnam, Thailand and Cambodia, after 2008 Global Financial Crisis. With the background of the increasing of production cost in China, more and more multinational companies have moved their factories from China to Vietnam. However, Thailand is suffering the same problem of high labor cost. For solving this problem, Thailand's government is building new industrial districts where are near the border and can recruit low-cost workers from neighbors. Cambodia's manufacturing is growing gradually. Because this country is a beneficiary of the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) schemes operated by developed countries. Under these schemes, import tariffs on many products from the beneficiaries are exempted or reduced.