俄羅斯對歐洲的天然氣能源戰略－－國際政治經濟學的觀點

Russia's Natural Gas Energy Strategies on Europe: From the Perspective of International Political Economy

俄羅斯擁有世界最多的天然氣、第二大煤礦及第八大原油蘊藏量，這些豐富的天然資源使俄羅斯具備實施能源外交的優越地緣政治經濟條件。從二十一世紀開始，俄羅斯已經逐漸改變前蘇聯政府時期依靠軍事與政治力量來確保其國際地位的策略，轉而利用天然資源，特別是豐富的天然氣，作為經濟發展與對外關係的重要手段。而普欽政府將天然氣的營運與巨大獲益全都收歸國家管理及控制，是其得以將此一能源權力發展為對歐洲外交戰略與恢復過去大國地位的基礎。本文擬以蘇珊‧史翠菊（Susan Strange）的「結構性權力」觀點來探討俄羅斯是如何取得天然氣能源權力，並以地緣政治經濟學的視角來分析該權力又是如何立基於俄羅斯的特殊地緣條件。

Russia holds the world's largest natural gas reserves, the second-largest coal reserves, and the eighth-largest crude oil reserves. These plentiful natural resources allow Russia to obtain excellent geopolitical and geoeconomic conditions to carry out its foreign energy strategies. Since the beginning of the 21st century, Russia has transformed from former USSR's foreign policy which depended on military and political powers for ensuring its international position into the current policy of utilizing natural resources, especially natural gas, as important means for its economic development and foreign relations. Furthermore, the Putin government puts business and huge interests of natural gas back under management and control of the state. It is the key element that allows Russia to develop an energy power for its European foreign strategies, as well as regaining Russia's position in the international society. This article discusses how Russia gains its energy power from natural gas through the structural power theory of Susan Strange, and analyzes how Russia constructs its power through the perspective of Geo-political-economy.