性別相關制度與政策對於兩性政治涉入的效果：33個民主國家的經驗研究

The Effects of Gender-Related Institutions and Policies on Political Engagement: An Empirical Study of 33 Democracies

本研究試圖由比較制度的角度，來解釋兩性政治涉入的差異。制度內化並規範了特定的性別關係與安排，透過認可特定價值以及資源分配，對於兩性政治涉入產生不同的影響。本研究將具有性別規範意涵的制度／政策，區分為平等、差異、以及轉化三種類型，並利用2005年第五波「世界價值調查」（world values survey,WVS）的資料，來檢視不同的制度對於男女政治涉入的不同影響。針對33個民主國家的制度分類和個體資料分析，我們利用階層線性模型來估算政策對於男性及女性政治涉入的邊際效果，分析結果顯示：平等政策強調性別中立的相同機會，如同工同酬政策，對男性和女性的政治涉入並未產生顯著影響；肯認差異政策強調兩性差異的結果平等，如配額制度對於兩性的政治涉入影響則是相對負向或是不顯著的；而轉化政策試圖改變兩性分工的傳統性別關係，如父母共享有給薪的親職假，相較於無親職假規定，則是同時提升了男性和女性的政治涉入感。

This study attempts to explain the gender differences in political engagement with a comparative institutional perspective. Institution internalizes and regulates the gender relationship through value recognition and resource redistribution, thereby inducing different political attitudes and behaviors among men and women. We first categorize the gender-related institution/policy into equality, difference, and transformation, then utilize the fifth wave of World Values Survey data of 2005, to examine the varied impacts of different gender institutions upon the political engagement of men and women. Comparing the gender-related institutions and individual-level data across 33 democratic countries, the hierarchical linear model is applied to infer the marginal effects of different institution/policy on the political engagement of both sexes. The results of the analysis show: first, the equality policy which emphasizes equal opportunity in a gender-neutral way, e.g. equal-pay policies, has no significant impact on the political engagement of both sexes. The difference policy which pursues the outcome equality by taking gender differences into account, e.g. gender quota policies, has negative or insignificant effects on the political engagement of women and men. Finally, the transformation policy which attempts to change the traditional gender roles and relationships, e.g. parental leave policies, increases simultaneously the political engagement of both sexes.