以系統性文獻綜述談人工智慧時代下的勞力取代

Labor Displacement in Artificial Intelligence Era: A Systematic Literature Review

人工智慧（AI）的發展使得勞力取代再度成為熱門的話題。AI加速了各個領域中機器功能的使用，如醫藥、醫療、服務、飯店業與製造業等。由過去的工業革命可以看到，原先由人類工作者經手的工作項目逐漸由機器自動化完成，進而導致勞力取代，這種現象在製造業尤其明顯。在AI的時代，機器將變得更加聰明，許多專家甚至預測在許多方面機器的能力將會超越人類。因此，''AI最後是否將完全接手人類的工作？''是近年來熱門的研究議題。為瞭解AI對勞動市場的影響，本研究回顧39篇自2016至2019年收錄在Scopus資料庫並與AI、科技、勞動市場、人力取代主題相關的文獻，以呈現相關研究現狀並回答AI是否對人力產生取代的研究問題。透過開放編碼與主題編碼的質性資料分析過程，文獻回顧結果呈現三種獨特的觀點－正向（新工作、增能、增加人類價值等）、負向（失業、機器凌駕人類、社會兩極化等）、及中立（為時過早、難有定論）。本文先簡述AI發展的歷史，接著以文獻回顧所呈現的三種觀點探討AI對勞動市場帶來的衝擊。本研究發現，在回顧的文獻中最常見的結論是：AI目前是處於開發時期的新興科技，其未來發展掌握在人類手上，須依賴人類的高度智慧來導引AI科技的發展過程與方向，使其在未來能造福人類社會。

The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) has made labor displacement once again the hottest issue. The rapid development of AI enhances many functions of machines and has been widely implemented in industries such as medicine, healthcare, service, hospitality, and manufacturing. Since the industrial revolution, machines have been used to complete tasks that humans used to perform, which lead to labor displacement, especially in the manufacturing industry. In the AI era, machines are getting smarter and the predictions are that one day machines may surpass human beings in many ways. Therefore, an intriguing question that asks ''will AI take over the human's job?'' has been the central theme in many research inquiries. As an attempt to find clues for the answer to that question, this study conducted a literature review to present the status quo of research and current conclusions of labor displacement research in the AI era. The review included 39 scholarly articles published in the Scopus database between 2016 and 2019. Through open coding and axial coding, three distinctive perspectives emerged on the impact of AI on labor, i.e., the optimistic view (e.g., new jobs, augmentation, added human value), the pessimistic view (e.g., unemployment, technology gaining control over humans, increasing social polarization), and the neutral view (e.g., too early to tell). This paper first provides a brief history of AI then reports the findings from the literature review. A common conclusion in the literature is that AI is still an evolving technology at this time and its future development remains at the hands of humans. It relies on human intelligence to guide the proper advancement of AI applications to benefit the human society.