上海合作組織與俄中在中亞競合關係

Competition and Cooperation between Russia and China in Central Asia and 'Shanghai Co-operation Organization': Analytical View from International Regime

中亞在蘇聯解體後所形成的權力及意識形態真空，引起世界強權及恐怖主義勢力對該區的覬覦，復以中亞及裏海一帶豐富油氣資源的再度發現，更使此區情勢的變化愈趨複雜，「上海合作組織」即於上述地緣政治、能源政治與文化衝突等交錯複雜的背景中，由俄羅斯與中國所推動促成，應運而生。「九一一」後，因全球反恐情勢所趨，提供美國切入中亞的契機，中亞再度成為美、俄、中大國競逐的競技場，亦對俄、中兩大區域強權透過「上海合作組織」在中亞的競合關係造成衝擊。是以，本文擬就地緣政治研究與「國際建制」理論作一搭橋，以「國際建制」三大學派－權力、利益與認知三種不同面向的建制觀，就其對強權之競合關係與認知，針對俄、中於中亞的競合關係進行互補檢視；從傳統地緣政治－俄、中的國家利益出發，由前述三大學派對於建制的重點考量及變數作用不同的觀點，引而檢證兩國於中亞絕對與相對獲利的取得，以及「上海合作組織」於此間變數作用的發揮與否，進而探討俄、中兩國於中亞的競合關係。

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, power and ideology vacuum in Central Asia attracted the great powers and the terrorism. Oil and natural resources in Central Asia Caspian Sea make the situation more complicated. 'Shanghai Co-operation Organization,' which based on the ground of geopolitics, energy-politics and cultural conflicts, was organized by Russia and China. After '911,' the global anti-terrorism trend made an opportunity for the USA to permeate Central Asia. This region again became the competing arena for the USA, Russia and China and impacted on the competition and cooperation of Russia and China in Central Asia through the 'Shanghai Cooperation Organization'. This article attempts to survey the competition and cooperation between Russia and China in Central Asia, complementing by geopolitical research and three dimensions of international regimes-power-based, interest-based and knowledge-based. It begins from the traditional national benefits of Russia and China, and then examines their absolute and relative gains in Central Asia. It also reviews the competition and cooperation between Russia and china in Central Asia by probing the parameter of Shanghai Co-operation Organization.