安哥拉的內戰與和平協議（一九七五～二００二年）

Angola's Civil War and Peace Accords:1975-2002

二○○二年三月，安哥拉叛軍游擊隊UNITA領袖薩文比遭政府軍圍剿格殺，MPLA政府隨即片面宣佈停止軍事行動，並表示願意特赦叛軍，以期達到和解。雙方於四月初簽署停火協定，並展開解除武裝的行動，預定在兩年後舉行大選。安哥拉自一九七五年獨立以來，就陷入長期的內戰狀態，MPLA和UNITA過去也曾三度達成和平協議，但最終都執行受阻，無法結束內戰。在過去二、三十年的非洲戰爭中，大多數是屬於內戰或革命游擊戰，其中不少波及鄰國或有鄰國（或明或暗地）支持內戰的一方，而形成區域性的衝突，但鮮少有區域以外的國家密切或直接涉入，安哥拉是唯一的例外。安哥拉內戰是冷戰期間東西對抗的指標性案例。它的內戰有南非及古巴的直拉介入，也有美、蘇強權的間接干預；同樣地，它的幾次和平協議亦有國際社會的介入。安哥拉的衝突並沒有因為冷戰結束、蘇聯解體而有所緩和。九○年代雖有兩次新的和平協議，但都未能達到結束內戰的目的。安哥拉國內持續衝突的困境，倒是在薩文比猝死後出現了新的契機，和平進程有了希望的曙光。

In March 2002, Jonas Savimbi, leader of the rebel guerilla force-UNITA was killed by the government forces of Angola. The ruling MPLA government subsequently made a unilateral declaration of ceasing military actions and indicated that it was willing to give amnesty to the rebels to reach reconciliation. The two sides reached ceasefire agreement in April and immediately started the process of disarmament, paving the way for the upcoming national elections in two years. Since its independence in 1975, Angola has experienced a protracted civil war. Three times MPLA and UNITA signed peace agreements and the end failed to end the conflict. Most African wars in the past quarter century can be classified as civil wars or revolutionary guerilla warfare. Many of these spread to neighboring countries or witnessed these countries, directly or indirectly, supporting one warring side, thus making a local conflict a regional one. Very few of them involved countries outside the region or military intervention by foreign forces. Angola was such an exception. Its civil war was a leading case of East-West conflict during the Cold War period. South Africa and Cuba sent forces directly into Angola; the United States and Soviet Union were indirectly involved. Similarly, all of Angola's peace processes were brokered by international forces. Angola's conflict did not stop despite the end of the cold war and the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Two peace accords were reached in the 1990s, yet both failed to bring the conflict to a close. However, with the sudden death of Jonas Savimbi, there seemed to be an opportunity to end this protracted conflict and quagmire. The peace process has never looked brighter than now.